互联网翻译诗词的国际友情 –人类在进化吗？

李兆良

王大元兄问我有没有作诗，令我想起一首诗的翻译，记述战争的残酷，人类的偏见与非人道的行为。最残酷的战争离我们今天实在不远。被认为最“人道主义”的“民主”国家，种族歧视已经开始冒头。回顾一下历史，对我们理解人性有帮助，也使我们有些心理准备。

互联网刚刚开始时，1994年，我在美国开始了第一个用英文介绍中华文化的网站，以前谈过一点http://wap.sciencenet.cn/blog-1674084-951770.html。纽约大学电脑系的裴明龙教授比我早一个月，有一点不同是他主要介绍收集刊登中国古典文献，不加评语，而我的内容基本是自己创作的。后来我们互相链接，成为欧美人士学习交流中国文化的主要网站。其中一位德国的法官，业余汉学爱好者Alfred W.Tüting也加入，他懂多种欧洲语言。今天去搜一下，Alfred W.Tüting的网站还在（http://www.muc.de/~Tüting/）我们在网上成了好友。他对诗词特别有兴趣，尤其是中国诗词。我们三个网站是当时全世界非汉语朋友关注学习中国文化的焦点。也是因为我的网站，才获得宣德金牌，引起后来对《坤舆万国全图》的研究，这是后话。

Tüting经常送我一些诗词，要求翻译，比较不同语言的表达与理解能力的差异。其中一首Forced March给我印象很深刻 http://www.muc.de/~Tüting/RADNOTI.HTML 。

作者是匈牙利的一位犹太教师诗人。他被纳粹俘虏，强迫步行到集中营，途中被杀害，与其他人被埋在乱葬堆里，后来被发掘出来，发现他口袋里还有一本诗集，包括这首最后的作品。我的中译根据Tüting提供的英文翻译，用中国古诗格式。他后来告诉我，中译本比较德译本和英译本更接近匈牙利原文的味道，这是很微妙的。我不懂匈牙利文，也只能猜一点德文，只能接受他的评语。我把他网站上的各种翻译都放在这里，希望懂德文，匈牙利文的朋友也参详。原诗题目是“被押解的囚犯”，但是我觉得他的内容应该是“奋战”比较适当。

(Transl. Dr. Siu-Leung Lee © 1999)

Forced March （Miklós Radnóti ，1909-1944)

（Alfred Tüting英译）

Crazy, who, from collapsing, gets up for new advance,
and moves in stumbling torture the limbs to get his chance,
and still is heading forward as if with wings he'd fly,
in vain the trench is calling, he does not dare to die.
He'd answer to your question, what for this strain's to stand,
that there's a dear wife waiting, and perhaps a wiser end.
Yet this good guy's quite crazy, through his old home behind
since long the winds are blowing, from blaze and ashes blind.
The back wall fell to pieces, the plum tree's broken down,
and gotten rough from scaring those nights so sweet at home.
Oh, couldn't I believe yet - not kept in heart alone -
that there is still a homeland, so dear for me to roam;
if there were still the old porch, and sitting in the sun,
and peaceful bees were humming while cools the jelly plum,
the ending summer dozing o'er the garden's dreamy flair,
and midst green foliage swaying the fruit so firm and bare,
and Fanni stands there waiting, blonde, the hawthorn hedge aside,
and shadows written slowly by a slow late morning's light. -
Could all this still come true yet! The moon's so round today!
Don't stride ahead, my comrade, shout at me - I can't stay!

Dedicated to all the suffering people in Jugoslavia and everywhere in the world.

(Easter, 1999)

(Transl. by A.W. Tüting © 1999)

原作：

Miklós Radnóti  (1909-1944)

Erõltetett menet （匈牙利文原文）

Bolond, ki földre rogyván fölkél és újra lépked,
s vándorló fájdalomként mozdít bokát és térdet,
de mégis útnak indul, mint akit szárny emel,
s hiába hívja árok, maradni úgyse mer,
s ha kérdezed, miért nem? még visszaszól talán,
hogy várja õt az asszony s egy bölcsebb, szép halál.
Pedig bolond a jámbor, mert ott az otthonok
fölött régóta már csak a perzselt szél forog,
hanyattfeküdt a házfal, eltört a szilvafa,
és félelemtõl bolyhos a honni éjszaka.
ó, hogyha hinni tudnám: nemcsak szivemben hordom
mindazt, mit érdemes még, s van visszatérni otthon;
ha volna még! s mint egykor a régi hûs verandán
a béke méhe zöngne, míg hûl a szilvalekvár,
s nyárvégi csönd napozna az álmos kerteken,
a lomb között gyümölcsök ringnának meztelen,
és Fanni várna szõkén a rõt sövény elõtt,
s árnyékot írna lassan a lassu délelõtt, - 
de hisz lehet talán még! a hold ma oly kerek!
Ne menj tovább, barátom, kiálts rám! s fölkelek!

(Bor, 1944. szeptember 15)

Gewaltmarsch （Franz Fühmann德文翻译）

Verrückt ist, wer, gestürzt, sich erhebt und weiterschreitet,
Knöchel und Knie knickt, trotzend dem Schmerz, der ihn durchschneidet,
und weiterschreitet, so als würden ihn Flügel heben,
umsonst ruft ihn der Graben er wagt nicht, nicht zu leben.
Vielleicht sagt er dir, was ihm solch Weitermühn gebot:
die Frau, die auf ihn wartet und einst ein weisrer Tod.
Dabei ist er verrückt, der Gute: in seinem Heim
gehn Brandwind, Staub und Asche sonst niemand aus und ein.
Die Rückwand fiel zerstückelt, geknickt der Pflaumenbaum,
voll Angst die stillen Nächte verloren ihren Flaum.
Könnt ich doch glauben: Nicht nur im Herz blieb unversehrt
das Heim, die Heimat, alles was uns im Leben wert,
und man zurückkehrn könnte und sitzen hinterm Haus;
friedlich die Bienen summen das Pflaumenmus kühlt aus,
Altweibersommer sonnt sich ein Ast im Garten knackt,
in den Laubkronen wiegen sich Früchte prall und nackt
und Fanni steht und wartet blond vorm Rotdornenhag,
und langsam Schatten schreibt der langsame Vormittag. - 
Vielleicht kann's doch so werden der Mond strahlt brüderlich.
Freund, bleib doch stehen, ruf mich an: ich erhebe mich!

(übertr. Franz Fühmann)

诗人拉德诺蒂的生平

Miklós Radnóti[1909-1944]，匈牙利犹太人和激烈的反法西斯主义者，也许是大屠杀诗人中最伟大的。在Radnóti被纳粹谋杀之前，他以其嗜好，浪漫的诗歌和翻译而闻名。他于1909年出生于布达佩斯。1930年，他21岁时出版了他的第一批诗集Pogányköszönto（Pagan Salute）。他的下一本书“Modernjmódipásztorokéneke（现代牧羊人的歌曲）”因“猥亵”而被没收，使他获得轻判。 1931年，他在巴黎度过了两个月，在那里他参观了“Exposition coloniale”，并开始将非洲诗歌和民间故事翻译成匈牙利语。 1934年，他获得了博士学位。在匈牙利文学。第二年，他与Fanni（Fifi）Gyarmati结婚，并在布达佩斯定居。他的书Járkáljcsa，halálraítélt！ （继续，谴责！）在1937年赢得了着名的鲍姆加滕奖。同样在1937年，他写了他的Cartes Postales（来自法国的明信片）;　这些诗意的“快照”是他更黑暗的战争形象的前身，Razglednicas（图片明信片）。在第二次世界大战期间，Radnóti在Orpheusnyomában（Orpheus的足迹）出版了Virgil，Rimbaud，Mallarmé，Eluard，Apollinare和Blaise Cendras的译文。他被征入匈牙利军队，被迫在强迫劳动营服役，有时武装并解除乌克兰前线的爆炸物。 1944年，他被驱逐到南斯拉夫博尔附近的一个强制劳改营。随着纳粹分子从接近的俄罗斯军队撤退，博尔集中营被撤离，其被拘禁者被迫在南斯拉夫和匈牙利强迫押行。在他的押行途中，拉德诺蒂记录了他所看到和经历的图像。在写完第四张也是最后一张明信片之后，一名被拉德诺蒂惹恼的士兵严重殴打。此后不久，这位虚弱的诗人于1944年11月9日与其他21名无法行走的囚犯一起被枪杀。战争结束后，他们的万人坑被挖掘出来，他的妻子在他的遗体上发现了拉德诺蒂的诗，并在一本塞尔维亚小小的练习册上用铅笔刻着。 Radnóti的遗作，Tajtékoség（云雾天空或泡沫天空）包含他妻子的颂歌，信件，诗歌碎片和他的最终明信片。与他的凶手不同，MiklósRadnóti从未失去过他的人性，他的同情继续通过他的工作继续存在。除了他之前提到的明信片和其他诗歌和翻译，拉德诺蒂的“给我的妻子的信”是一首特别感人的诗，值得阅读和记住。所以我还包括了我对Radnóti最亲密的诗歌之一的翻译.- Michael R. Burch

下面谷歌的机器翻译明显还是无法表达，离人脑差太远。

谷歌德-英翻译：

Forced March

It is crazy, who, overthrown, rises and moves on,

Ankle and knee bends, defying the pain that cuts through him,

and move on, as if wings lift him,

in vain does the ditch call him he dares not to live.

Maybe he'll tell you what he has to do with this continuity:

the woman who waits for him and once a white death.

He is crazy, the good: in his home

fire blast, dust and ashes no one else goes out and on.

The back wall fell dismembered, bent the plum tree,

Fearless the silent nights lost their fluff.

Could I believe: not only in the heart remained intact

the home, the home, everything in life,

and you could return and sit behind the house;

peacefully the bees buzz the plum jam cools,

Indian summer suns a branch in the garden cracks,

In the deciduous trees, fruits are bulging and naked

and Fanni is standing and waiting blond in front of Rotdornenhag,

and slowly shadow writes the slow morning. -

Maybe it can be so the moon radiates brotherly.

Friend, stand still, call me: I rise!

谷歌匈牙利文-英文:

Forced march

Fool, who climbs on the ground and rises again,

and as a migratory pain, it moves ankles and knees,

but it still starts as a wing,

and in vain call it ditch, stay anyway mer,

and if you ask why not? maybe back, maybe,

that she was waiting for her and a wiser, beautiful death.

But he is crazy because he's home

for a long time now only the frigid wind is turning,

the house wall fell down, the plum tree broke,

and the fearful night is feverish.

Oh, if I believed, I would not only wear my heart

all that is worthwhile and return home;

if you had it! and once on the old cool veranda

the bee of peace suffers as the plum jam,

s summer sunset in the sleepy gardens,

the fruit among the foliage grows naked,

and Fanni was waiting for the hair in front of the hedge,

and he would shade slowly in the slow morning,

but maybe it's probably still! the moon is so round now!

Do not go any further, my friend, cry to me. and I get up!

Miklós Radnóti

Miklós Radnóti is considered one of the greatest Hungarian poets of the 20th century. He was born in Budapest to Jewish parents. After a stint in his uncle’s textile business, he turned to literature. Inspired by the activities of the Czech and Hungarian avant-gardes, Radnóti worked for a number of little magazines in Budapest, and his early poetry is influenced by avant-garde techniques. His first collection of verse, Pogány köszöntõ (Pagan Statue, 1930), however, delved into highly personal symbolism rife with pagan imagery. From 1930–1935, Radnóti studied Hungarian and French literature at the University of Szeged, forming important friendships with many of interwar Budapest’s most prominent artists and intellectuals. His second book, újmódi pásztorok éneke(Song of New-Fashioned Shepherds, 1931), was banned, and Radnóti barely escaped imprisonment. He published seven more collections of poetry and one memoir, Ikrek hava (1940; published as Under Gemini in English, 1985), during his lifetime.

As the political climate in Hungary darkened, Radnóti converted to Catholicism. During the 1930s, he traveled to France with his wife, Fanni Gyarmati, several times. During World War II, he was drafted into forced labor because of his Jewish heritage. He continued to write poems and translate poets such as Apollinaire and Henry de Montherlant as well as essays, fiction, and African folk poetry. Radnóti was drafted into a third and final term of forced labor in May 1944. He worked in the copper mines in Yugoslavia; as Soviet troops advanced, Radnóti and his fellow prisoners were force-marched in retreat. Weakened from hunger and torture, Radnóti collapsed and was shot. His body was dumped into a mass grave. Upon exhumation of the grave a year later, a small notebook containing his final poems was discovered. Radnóti’s collected poetry, including his final poems, was published as Tajtékos ég (1946; translated into English as Clouded Sky, 1986). Radnóti is recognized as one of the most important poetic witnesses to the Holocaust, and his work has been translated widely and continuously. Recent English editions of his works include All That Still Matters at All (2014, translated by John Ridland and Peter Czipott).

http://www.thehypertexts.com/Mikl%C3%B3s_Radn%C3%B3ti_Hungarian_Poet_Poetry_Tanslator_Bio.htm