有关诺贝尔奖获奖关键论文（Key publications）发表在了哪些杂志？大家众说纷纭。本博文对此进行了总结。由于数量庞大，本博文仅仅总结2006-2016年生理医学的论文。希望起到抛砖引玉作用，以便同行总结其他诺贝尔奖相关论文发表的杂志。

总数64篇之中，nature 22篇，占34%。science 12篇，占19%，cell 9篇，占14%。CNS一共占67%。简单的统计结果是：2006-2016年生理医学诺贝尔奖的论文多数发表在最顶端杂志。

在这些论文中，多数是新发现，包括机理发现，治疗方法的发现。

如何创新？如何做到重大创新？仔细阅读这些论文，给我们的科研树立一个思路，树立一个典范。以前，生物医学方面的纯理论有一些，例如达尔文的进化论，拉马克的用进废退学说。但目前生物医学方面的纯理论是很少的，多数是实验性质的。少数是在实验基础之上，上升为理论的。2006-2016年的生物医学诺贝尔奖多数都是在实验基础上提出了理论学说的，把实验上升为理论的，也即把现象上升为规律。这一点恰恰是他们的高明之处，也是值得我们学习之处。

2006年

Andrew Fireand/Craig C. Mello

A, Fire,S.Q. Xu, M.K. Montgomery, S.A. Kostas, S. E. Driver,C.C. Mello: Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNAinCaenorhabditis elegans. In: Nature.391/1998, S.806-811

2007年

Mario Capecchi

1. Thomas, K. R.; Capecchi, M. R. (1987)."Site-directedmutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stemcells". Cell. 51 (3):503–512.

2. Mansour, S. L.; Thomas, K. R.; Capecchi, M. R.(1988)."Disruption of the proto-oncogene int-2 in mouse embryo-derivedstemcells: A general strategy for targeting mutations tonon-selectablegenes". Nature. 336 (6197): 348–352.

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4.Chisaka, O.; Capecchi, M. R. (1991). "Regionallyrestricteddevelopmental defects resulting from targeted disruption of the mousehomeoboxgene hox-1.5".Nature. 350 (6318): 473–479.

5.Thomas,K. R.; Folger, K. R.; Capecchi, M. R. (1986)."High frequency targeting ofgenes to specific sites in the mammaliangenome". Cell. 44 (3):419–428.

Martin Evans

1.   Evans M,Kaufman M (July 1981)."Establishment in culture of pluripotential cellsfrom mouse embryos". Nature.292 (5819):154–6. .

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4.   Robertson E; Bradley, A.;Kuehn, M.;Evans, M. (1986). "Germ-line transmission of genes introducedinto culturedpluripotential cells by retroviral vector".Nature. 323 (6087):445–448. .

5.   Kuehn MR, Bradley A, RobertsonEJ,Evans MJ (1987). "A potential animal model for Lesch-Nyhan syndromethroughintroduction of HPRT mutations into mice".Nature. 326 (5819):295–298. .

Oliver Smithies

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2008年

Harald zur Hausen

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Françoise Barré-Sinoussi

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Luc Montagnier

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2009年

Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W.Szostak

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2010年

Robert Edwards

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2011年

Bruce Beutler

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Jules A. Hoffmann

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Ralph M. Steinman

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2012年

John Gurdon

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4.Simonsson,S.; Gurdon, J. (2004). "DNA demethylationis necessary for the epigeneticreprogramming of somatic cell nuclei". Nature Cell Biology. 6 (10):984–990.

Shinya Yamanaka

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2.  Takahashi,K.; Tanabe, K.;Ohnuki, M.; Narita, M.; Ichisaka, T.; Tomoda, K.; Yamanaka, S.(2007)."Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human FibroblastsbyDefined Factors". Cell. 131 (5):861–872.

3.   Okita,K.; Ichisaka, T.;Yamanaka, S. (2007). "Generation of germline-competentinduced pluripotentstem cells".Nature. 448 (7151):313–317.

2013年

James Rothman

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Randy Schekman

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3.Schekman,R.; Orci, L. (1996). "Coat Proteins andVesicle Budding". Science.271 (5255): 1526–1533.

Thomas C. Südhof

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2.SudhofT C, Jahn R. Proteins of synaptic vesicles involvedin exocytosis and membranerecycling[J]. Neuron, 1991, 6(5): 665-677.

2014年

John O'Keefe

1.O'Keefej, D. J. (1971). "The hippocampus as a spatialmap. Preliminary evidencefrom unit activity in the freely-moving rat".Brain Research. 34 (1):171–175.

2.O'Keefe,J (1976). "Place units in the hippocampus ofthe freely moving rat".Experimental neurology. 51 (1):78–109.

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May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser

1.Brun, V.H., Otnæss, M.K.,Molden, S., Steffenach, H.-A., Witter, M.P., Moser,M.- ., Moser, E.I. (2002).Place cells and place representation maintained bydirectentorhinal-hippocampal circuitry. Science, 296,2089-2284

2.Sargolini, F., Fyhn, M.,Hafting, T., McNaughton, B.L., Witter, M.P., Moser,M.-B., and Moser, E.I.(2006). Conjunctive representation of position, directionand velocity inentorhinal cortex. Science, 312,754-758.

3.Fyhn, M., Hafting, T., Treves,A., Moser, M.-B. and Moser, E.I. (2007).Hippocampal remapping and gridrealignment in entorhinal cortex. Nature, 446,190-194.

4.Hafting, T., Fyhn, M.,Bonnevie, T., Moser, M.-B. and Moser, E.I. (2008).Hippocampus-independentphase precession in entorhinal grid cells. Nature 453, 1248-1252.

2015年

屠呦呦

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Satoshi ōmura

1.Burg,R. W.; Miller, B.M.; Baker, E. E.; Birnbaum, J.; Currie, S. A.; Hartman, R.;Kong, Y.-L.;Monaghan, R.; Olson, G.; Putter, I.; Tunac, J. B.; Wallick, H.;Stapley, E. O.;Oiwa, R.; ōmura, S. (1979). "Avermectins, new family of potent anthelminticagents:producing organism and fermentation". Antimicrob. Agents andChemother. 15: 61–367.

2.Hopwood,D.A.;Malphatida, F.; Kieser, H.M.; Ikeda, J.; Juncan, J.; Fujii, B.A.M.; Rudd,H.;Floss, G.; ōmura, S. (1984)."Productionof 'hybrid' antibiotics by geneticengineering". Nature. 314 (6012):642–644.

3.Ikeda, H.; Nonomiya, T.; Usami, M.; Ohta, T; ōmura, S. (1999). "Organizationof the biosynthetic gene cluster forthe polyketide anthelmintic macrolideavermectin in Streptomycesavermitilis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.96: 9509–9514.

William C. Campbell

Campbell W C, Fisher M H, Stapley E O, et al.Ivermectin: apotent new antiparasitic agent.[J]. Science, 1983, 221(4613):823.

2016年

Yoshinori Ohsumi

1.Takeshige,K.,Baba, M., Tsuboi, S., Noda, T. and Ohsumi, Y. (1992). Autophagy inyeastdemonstrated with proteinase-deficient mutants and conditions foritsinduction. Journal of Cell Biology 119, 301-311

2.Tsukada,M.and Ohsumi, Y. (1993). Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defectivemutantsofSaccharomycescervisiae. FEBS Letters 333, 169-174

3.Mizushima,N.,Noda, T., Yoshimori, T., Tanaka, Y., Ishii, T., George, M.D., Klionsky,D.J.,Ohsumi, 3.M. and Ohsumi, Y. (1998). A protein conjugation systemessential forautophagy. Nature 395, 395-398

4.Ichimura,Y.,Kirisako T., Takao, T., Satomi, Y., Shimonishi, Y., Ishihara, N.,Mizushima, N.,Tanida, I., Kominami, E., Ohsumi, M., Noda, T. and Ohsumi, Y.(2000). Aubiquitin-like system mediates protein lipidation. Nature, 408,488-492