气凝胶(aerogels) 气凝胶(aerogels)没有明确而固定的定义,气凝胶通常是指以纳米量级超微颗粒相互聚集构成纳米多孔网络结构,并在网络孔隙中充满气态分散介质的轻质纳米固态材料。 美国斯坦福大学的S.S.Kistler首先用水玻璃通过溶胶-凝胶方法及超临界干燥技术制得SiO2气凝胶。 按其组分,可分为单组分气凝胶,如SiO2,Al2O3,TiO2,炭气凝胶(有机气凝胶炭化后得到)等;多组分气凝胶,如SiO2/Al2O3,SiO2/TiO2等。最典型的研究最多的气凝胶是单组份的SiO2气凝胶和炭气凝胶(有机气凝胶)。右图为有机气凝胶。 气凝胶(aerogels)与干凝胶(xerogels)并非同一概念(Xerogel is a solid formed from a gel by drying with unhindered shrinkage. Xerogels usually retain high porosity (25%) and enormous surface area (150–900 m2/g), along with very small pore size (1-10 nm). When solvent removal occurs under hypercritical (supercritical) conditions, the network does not shrink and a highly porous, low-density material known as an aerogel is produced.),国外相关文献指出,湿凝胶经过超临界干燥得到的是气凝胶,经过常压干燥得到的是干凝胶。严格讲,气凝胶应是块状结构,而干凝胶一般是粉体或者颗粒。