teaching disadvantaged children in the preschool

Carl Bereiter

Siegfried Engelmann

pages

some language problems of culturally deprived children

repeat sentences of various kinds(repeat sentences of varying degrees of complexity)

answer questions using information contained in the sentences

have candy or cookie,只關注到cookie 或者 candy兩者中的某一樣，do not understand that a choice is involved

不理解“和”和“或者”兩者的意思，be in a poor position to learn the difference

candy and cookie (兩樣包含）；candy or cookie（二選一）

多步指令的執行：先把筆放在椅子上，然後關上門，最後把盒子拿給我

在distinguishing betweens commands that differ only with respect to structure words or inflections:

哪個是黃色的vs哪個不是黃色的

把手舉起來VS把雙手舉起來

把紅色的和綠色的拿起來VS把紅色的或綠色的拿起來（拿紅色和綠色vs拿紅色或者拿綠色）

leave out words that do not know and form condensed sentences out of the words do know how to handle

句子拓展：

mommy read

mommy read book

mommy read me book

mommy,i want you to read me this book

get the children to speak in words and to make statements that consists of words rather amalgamated noises

show two levels of volume:

one a barely audibel mumble used for replying to questions,the other a loud shout used for commanding attention or voicing complaints and taunts

lack the middle range of volume ordinarily used for conveying information

controlling one's actions through one's own words is a necessary step toward the mastery of dialectical reasoning,which in essence is controlling verbal behavior through an internal dialog by means of which one may solve a problem,working a step at a time

use language as a device for acquiring and processing information

social and emotional deprivation

teaching naive children how to act in a new situation,not of administering psychotherapy to malformed personalities

academic objectives for the preschool and an approach to achieving them

what the goals represent,then,is the writer's best judgment as to what a child who is about to enter first grade should be able to do if he is to have an adequate chance of succeding in later schooling

minimum goals

1.ability to use both affirmative and not statements in apply to the question"what is this?"" this is a ball,this is not a book."

2.ability to use both affirmative and not statements in response to the command "tell me about this        ball,pencil,etc." "this pencil is red,this pencil is not blue"

3.ability to handle polar opposites("if it is not     ,it must be         ")for at least four concept, e.g.,bit-little,up-down, long-short,fast-skinny)

4.ability to use the following prepositions correctly in statement describing arrangements of objects:on in under over between :where is the pencil?the pencil is under the book

5.ability to name positive and negative instances for at least four classes,such as tools, weapons,pieces of furniture,wild animals,farm animals,and vehiclse."tell me something that is a weapon""a gun is a weapon"“tell me something that is not weapon""a cow is not a weapon" the child should also be able to apply these class concepts correctly to nouns with which he is fimiliar,e.g., is a crayon a piece of furniture""no,a crayon is not a piece of furniture,a crayon is something to write with"(是不是的問題，物品的分類與功能，水果，蔬菜，動物，交通工具，食物，電器，生活用品，植物，圖形，飲料等）

6.ability to perform simple if then deductions,the child is presented a diagram containing big squares and little squares,all the big squares are red,but the little squares are of various other colors,"if the square is big,what do you know about it ?"it is red

7.ability to use not in deductions,"if the square is little,what else do you know about?""it is not red?"

8.ability to use or in simple deductions,"if the square is little,then it is not red,what else do you know about it""it's blue or yellow"

9.ability to name the basic colors,plus white,black,and brown

10.ability to count aloud to 20 without help and to 100 with help at decade points(30,40,etc)

11.ability to count objects correctly up to ten

12.ability to recognize and name the vowels and at least 15 consonants(元音字母和輔音字母）

13.ability to distinguish printed words from pictures

14.ability to rhyme in some fashion to produce a word that rhymes with a given word,to tell whether two words do or do not rhyme,or to complete unfamiliar rhyming jingles like"i had a dog,and his name was Abel;I found him hiding under the        ."

15.a sight reading vocabulary of at least four words in addition to proper names,with evidence that the printed word has the same meaning for them as the corresponding spoken word."what word is this?""cat","is this a thing that goes "woof woof""no,it goes 'meow'"

possible strategies for attaining the objectives

results of an academically oriented preschool program

use well articulated sentences and to talk about things,rather than merely using language to express wants and feelings

solve simple equations involving addition and subtraction