The use of action phrases in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

David A Gonzalez a,n,1, Cheryl M. Glazebrook b,c, James L Lyons d

the ability to perceive the direct relationship between an object and its use物品及其功能

how we view an object(e.g, a chair maybe viewed as a chair for an adult,but it may be viewed as a playground for a toddler)

hearing the phrase "katy is using an umbrella in the rain"presumably primes one to develop a mental representation of the person,katy,having an open umbrella rather than a closed umbrella as the open umbrella is more congruent(more people would use an open umbrella in the rain compared to leave it closed)with being used in the rain rather than the closed umbrella.聽到句子“凱蒂在雨中撐🌂“會產生心理表徵：那個人，凱蒂，拿著一把撐開的🌂而非閉合的🌂，雨天一般會打開🌂而不會把🌂合上

能否準確使用工具（🔪有柄，知道拿刀柄而非抓刀鋒）

得到一樣工具後知曉如何正確使用

ASD have an inherent difficulty perceptually connecting individual parts with the surroundings .

for example ,when completing perceptual tasks,such as perceiving that smaller letters make up a larger letter(e.g,small H's are arranged to make an A)，it is more difficulty to perceive the global pattern.由很多的小字母H組成一個大大的字母A

a chair normally used for sitting,can also be used to stand on in order to replace a burnt out light bulb.

💺通常是用來坐的，但也可以站在上面把壞了的💡換掉

children with ASD were better able to imitate when the person had an object(e.g,a toy car)than when imitating body movement(e.g,wave hand).

individuals with ASD were able to use tools to perform common tasks(e.g,hammer a nail)

participants were asked to read a sentence provide on the laptop and conceptualize what idea or scenario was being presented.sentences were given in both the first and third person narrative(e.g,"I'm walking in the rain"or "Sally is walking in the rain").subsequently,they were provided with pictures of two objects and were asked which one was best suited to complete the task required by the scenario.

出示兩樣物品讓孩子選擇在雨中行走拿哪一樣東西比較合適（雨衣還是太陽帽）

打開盒子，用哪把🔪比較合適

better consistency(e.g,open laptop to surf the net)or less consistent with the action(e.g,laptop would be presented closed,thereby having to open it before surfing the net)

4condintions(more consistent,less consistent ,same object,similar function)

individuals who are higher functioning may be more fixated on the local details of the tool and have a harder time disengaging from what the object should be doing(e.g,closed umbrella should go in the closet)and instead thinking about what else can be done with that object(e.g,closed umbrella can be opened to stop rain)