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生态学家必读之百篇经典论文100 articles every ecologist should read 

1. Darwin, C. R. & Wallace, A. R. On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 3, 45-62 (1858).

物种形成变种的趋势以及自然选择手段使变种和物种得以维系

2. Hardin, G. The competitive exclusion principle. Science 131, 1292-1297 (1960).

竞争排斥原理

3*. Paine, R. T. Food web complexity and species diversity. Am. Nat. 100, 65-75 (1966).

食物网的复杂性与物种多样性

4. Hutchinson, G. E. The paradox of the plankton. Am. Nat. 95, 137-145 (1961).

浮游生物悖论

5*. Hutchinson, G. E. Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why are there so many kinds of animals? Am. Nat. 93, 145-159 (1959).

致敬圣·洛西莉亚（又名：动物的种类为何如此丰富？）

6*. MacArthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. Evolution 17, 373-387 (1963).

岛屿生物地理学的平衡理论

7. Hutchinson, G. E. Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 22, 415-427 (1957).

冷泉港专题讨论会的总结发言

8*. Hairston, N. G., Smith, F. & Slobodkin, L. Community structure, population control, and competition. Am. Nat. 94, 421-425 (1960).

群落结构、种群调节与竞争

9. Connell, J. H. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199, 1302-1310 (1978).

热带雨林和珊瑚礁的多样性

10. Janzen, D. H. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. Am. Nat. 104, 501-528 (1970).

草食动物和热带森林中树种的丰富度

11. May, R. M. Biological populations with non-overlapping generations: stable points, stable cycles, and chaos. Science 186, 645-647 (1974).

非世代重叠的种群：稳定点、稳定周期和混沌

12. Gause, G. F. Experimental analysis of Vito Volterra’s mathematical theory of the struggle for existence. Science 79, 16-17 (1934).

Vito Volterra生存斗争数学理论的实验分析

13*. Chesson, P. Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31, 343-366 (2000).

生物多样性的维持机制

14. Carpenter, S. R., Kitchell, J. F. & Hodgson, J. R. Cascading trophic interactions and lake productivity. BioScience 35, 634-639 (1985).

营养级联互作和湖泊生产力

15*. Levin, S. A. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: the Robert H. MacArthur Award lecture. Ecology 73, 1943-1967 (1992).

生态学中的格局和尺度问题：麦克阿瑟奖演讲

16. Hanski, I. Metapopulation dynamics. Nature 396, 41-49 (1998).

集合种群动态

17. MacArthur, R. & Levins, R. The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. Am. Nat. 101, 377-385 (1967).

共存物种的限制相似性、趋同和趋异

18. Tilman, D. Resource competition between plankton algae: an experimental and theoretical approach. Ecology58, 338-348 (1977).

浮游藻类之间的资源竞争：一种实验和理论方法

19. Hamilton, W. D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I. J. Theor. Biol. 7, 1-16 (1964).

社会行为的基因演化-I

20. Charnov, E. L. Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. Theor. Popul. Biol. 9, 129-136 (1976).

最优觅食的边际价值理论

21. Tilman, D. Biodiversity: population versus ecosystem stability. Ecology 77, 350-363 (1996).

生物多样性：种群与生态系统稳定性

22. Rosenzweig, M. Paradox of enrichment: destabilization of exploitation ecosystems in ecological time. Science 171, 385-387 (1971).

富集悖论：在生态时间上破坏生态系统资源利用的稳定性

23. Connell, J. H. The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology 42, 710-743 (1961).

种间竞争和其他因素对藤壶分布的影响

24. MacArthur, R. & Levins, R. Competition, habitat selection, and character displacement in a patchy environment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 51, 1207-1210 (1964).

竞争、栖息地选择以及岛屿生境中的“角色置换”

25. Hardin, G. J. The tragedy of the commons. Science 162, 1243-1248 (1968).

公地悲剧

26. Levin, S. A. & Paine, R. T. Disturbance, patch formation, and community structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 2744-2747 (1974).

干扰、斑块形成和群落结构

27. Felsenstein, J. Skepticism towards Santa Rosalia, or Why are there so few kinds of animals? Evolution 35, 124-138 (1981).

对圣·洛西莉亚的怀疑（又名：动物种类为何如此之少？）

28. Tilman, D. Competition and biodiversity in spatially structured habitats. Ecology 75, 2-16 (1994).

空间栖息地中的竞争和生物多样性

29. Holling, C. S. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4, 1-23 (1973).

生态系统的恢复力与稳定性

30*. Hurlbert, S. H. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 54, 187-211 (1984).

假重复和野外生态学实验的设计

31. Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J. & Melillo, J. M. Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems. Science 277, 494-499 (1997).

人类对生态系统的支配

32. May R. M. Will a large complex system be stable? Nature 238, 413-414 (1972).

一个大而复杂的系统稳定吗？

33. Pianka, E. R. On r- and K-selection. Am. Nat. 104, 592-597 (1970).

r-选择和K-选择

34. Brown, J. H., Gillooly, J. F., Allen, A. P., Savage,V. M. & West, G. B. Toward a metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology 85, 1771-1789 (2004).

生态代谢理论

35. Ehrlich, P. R. & Raven, P. H. Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution. Evolution 18, 586-608 (1964).

蝴蝶和植物：一个协同进化的研究

36. MacArthur, R. H. & McArthur, J. On bird species diversity. Ecology 42, 594-598 (1961).

鸟类物种多样性

37. Simberloff, D. S. & Wilson, E. O. Experimental zoogeography of islands: the colonization of empty islands. Ecology 50, 278-296 (1969).

岛屿生物地理学实验：岛屿的入侵

38. Grime, J. P. Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. Am. Nat. 111, 1169-1194 (1977).

植物生存的三种主要策略及其与生态和演化理论的相关性

39. Brown, J. H. On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species. Am. Nat. 124, 255–279 (1984).

物种数量与分布的关系

40. Connell, J. H. Effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus, and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Ecol. Monogr. 31, 61-104 (1961).

竞争、捕食和其他因素对藤壶种群的影响

41. Holt, R. D. Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities. Theor. Popul. Biol. 12, 197-229 (1977).

捕食、似然竞争和猎物群落的结构

42. Anderson, R. M. & May, R. M. Population biology of infectious diseases: part I. Nature 280, 361-367 (1979).

传染病的种群生物学：第一部分

43. Huffaker, C. B. Experimental studies on predation: dispersion factors and predator–prey oscillations. Hilgardia 27, 343-383 (1958).

捕食实验研究：扩散因子与捕食者-猎物的波动

44. Clements, F. E. Nature and structure of the climax. J. Ecol. 24, 252-284 (1936).

顶级群落的性质和结构

45. Pulliam, D. W. Sources, sinks, and population regulation. Am. Nat. 132, 652-661 (1988).

源、汇和种群调节

46. Lawton, J. H. Are there general laws in ecology? Oikos 84, 177-192 (1999).

生态学有普遍规律吗？

47. Lindeman, R. L. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology 23, 399-418 (1942).

生态学的营养动态

48. Kimura, M. Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature 217, 624-626 (1968).

分子水平上的演化速率

49. May, R. M. Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature 261, 459-467 (1976).

简单的数学模型和极度复杂的动力学

50. Trivers, R. L. Parent-offspring conflict. Am. Zool. 14, 249-264 (1974).

亲子冲突理论

51. Paine, R. T. Food webs: linkage, interaction strength and community infrastructure. J. Anim. Ecol. 49, 666-685 (1980).

食物网：连接、互作强度和群落基本结构

52. Tilman, D., Wedin, D. & Knops, J. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379, 718-720 (1996).

草地生态系统中生物多样性对生产力和可持续性的影响

53. MacArthur, R. H. Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests. Ecology 39, 599-619 (1958).

东北针叶林中几种鸣禽的种群生态学

54. May, R. M. Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states. Nature 260, 471-477 (1977).

生态系统多稳态的阈值和断点

55. Simberloff, D. Experimental zoogeography of islands: effects of island size. Ecology 57, 629-648 (1976).

岛屿生物地理学实验：岛屿大小的影响

56. Schindler, D. W. Evolution of phosphorus limitation in lakes. Science 195, 260-262 (1977).

磷限制的湖泊演化

57. Kunin, W. E. & Gaston, K. J. The biology of rarity: patterns, causes and consequences. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8, 298-301 (1993).

稀有生物：模式、原因和后果

58. Vitousek, P. M. & Reiners, W. A. Ecosystem succession and nutrient retention: a hypothesis. BioScience 25, 376-381 (1975).

生态系统演替与养分贮存：一个假说

59. Tilman, D. Resources: a graphical-mechanistic approach to competition and predation. Am. Nat. 116, 362-393 (1980).

资源：竞争和捕食的图解-机械方法

60. Lande, R. Sexual dimorphism, sexual selection, and adaptation in polygenic characters. Evolution 34, 292-305 (1980).

多基因特征中的性别二态性、性选择和适应性

61. Tilman, D. et al. Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature 371, 65-66 (1994).

栖息地破坏和物种灭绝债务

62. Fretwell, S. D. & Lucas, H. L. On territorial behavior and other factors influencing habitat distribution in birds. I. Theoretical Development. Acta. Biotheor. 19, 16-36 (1970).

鸟类的领域行为及影响栖息地分布的其他因素

63. May, R. M. Qualitative stability in model ecosystems. Ecology 54, 638-641 (1973).

生态系统模型的稳定性

64. Redfield, A. C. The biological control of chemical factors in the environment. Am. Sci. 46, 205-221 (1958).

生物对环境化学因子的控制

65. Tilman, D. et al. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science 277, 1300-1302 (1997).

功能多样性和组成对生态系统过程的影响

66. Hamilton, W. D. Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156, 477-488 (1967).

非同寻常的性比

67. Schluter, D. & McPhail, J. D. Ecological character displacement and speciation in sticklebacks. Am. Nat. 140, 85-108 (1992).

棘鱼的生态特征替换与分化

68. Hanski, I. A practical model of metapopulation dynamics. J. Anim. Ecol. 63, 151-162 (1994).

集合种群动态的实用模型

69. Hamilton, W. D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. II. J. Theor. Biol. 7, 17-52 (1964).

社群行为的基因进化-II

70. Likens, G. E., Bormann, F. R., Johnson, N. M., Fisher, D. W. & Pierce, R. S. Effects of forest cutting and herbicide treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard Brook watershed-ecosystem. Ecol. Monograph. 40, 23-47 (1970).

森林采伐和除草剂处理对流域生态系统养分收支的影响

71. Odum, E. P. The strategy of ecosystem development. Science 164, 262-270 (1969).

生态系统的发育策略

72. Hubbell, S. P. Tree dispersion, abundance, and diversity in a tropical dry forest. Science 203, 1299-1309 (1979).

热带干旱森林中树木的扩散、多度和多样性

73. Grinnell, B. Y. The niche-relationships of the California thrasher. Auk 34, 427-433 (1917).

加州弯嘴嘲鸫的生态位关系

74. MacArthur, R. H. & Pianka, E. R. On optimal use of a patchy environment. Am. Nat. 100, 603-609 (1966).

对斑块环境的最佳利用（最优觅食理论）

75. Tilman, D., Forest, I. & Cowles, J. M. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 45, 471-493 (2014).

生物多样性和生态系统功能

76. May, R. M. & MacArthur, R. H. Niche overlap as a function of environmental variability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 1109-1113 (1972).

生态位重叠是环境变异性的函数

77. Leibold, M. A. et al. The metacommunity concept: a framework for multi-scale community ecology. Ecol. Lett. 7, 601-613 (2004).

集合种群概念

78. Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. The evolution of cooperation. Science 211, 1390-1396 (1981).

合作的演化

79. Gleason, H. A. The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 53, 7-26 (1926).

植物群丛中的个体论概念

80. Grime, J. P. Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immediate, filter and founder effects. J. Ecol. 86, 902-910 (1998).

植物多样性对生态系统的益处：直接、过滤和建立者效应

81. Gould, S. J. & Lewontin, R. C. The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: a critique of the adaptionist programme. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 205, 581-598 (1979).

圣马可的灾难与庞洛斯主义范式：对适应性方案的批判

82. Grant, P. R & Grant, B. R. The founding of a new population of Darwin’s finches. Evolution 49, 229-240 (1995).

达尔文雀新种群的建立

83. Stearns, S. C. Life-history tactics: a review of the ideas. Q. Rev. Biol. 51, 3-47 (1976).

生活史策略：思想综述

84. Vitousek, P. M. Beyond global warming: ecology and global change. Ecology 75, 1861-1876 (1994).

全球变暖之外：生态和全球变化

85. Janzen, D. H. Why mountain passes are higher in the tropics. Am. Nat. 101, 233-249 (1967).

为什么热带的山口更高

86. Carpenter, S. R. et al. Regulation of lake primary productivity by food web structure. Ecology 68, 1863-1876 (1987).

食物网结构对湖泊初级生产力的调节

87. Stenseth, N. C. Population regulation in snow shoehare and Canadian lynx: asymmetric food web configurations between hare and lynx. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 5147-5152 (1997).

白靴兔和加拿大猞猁的种群调节：野兔和山猫之间不对称的食物网结构

88. Anderson, R. M & May, R. M. Regulation and stability of host-parasite population interactions. J. Anim. Ecol. 47, 219-247 (1978).

寄主-寄生虫种群互作的调节和稳定性

89. Krebs, C. J. et al. Impact of food and predation on the snowshoe hare cycle. Science 269, 1112-1115 (1995).

食物和捕食对雪兔周期的影响

90. Ginzburg, L. R. & Jensen, C. X. J. Rules of thumb for judging ecological theories. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19, 121-126 (2004).

评判生态学理论的经验法则

91. Chave, J. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: what have we learned in 20 years? Ecol. Lett. 16, 4-16 (2013).

生态学的格局和尺度问题：20年来我们学到了什么？

92. MacArthur, R. Fluctuations of animal populations and a measure of community stability. Ecology 36, 533-536 (1955).

动物种群波动和群落稳定性的衡量标准

93. Ricklefs, R. E. Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes. Science 235, 167-171 (1987).

群落多样性：局域和区域过程的相互关系

94. Levins, R. The strategy of model building in population biology. Am. Sci. 54, 421-431 (1966).

种群生物学中的建模策略

95. Anderson, R. M & May, R. M. The population dynamics of microparasites and their invertebrate hosts. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 291, 451-524 (1981).

寄生性微生物及其无脊椎动物宿主的种群动态

96. Brown, W. L. & Wilson, E. O. Character displacement. Syst. Zool. 5, 49-64 (1986).

性状替换

97. Lande, R. Risks of population extinction from demographic and environmental stochasticity and random catastrophes. Am. Nat.142, 911-927 (1993).

种群与环境不确定性和随机灾难带来的种群灭绝风险

98. May, R. M. & Anderson, R. M. Population biology of infectious diseases: part II. Nature 280, 455-461 (1979).

传染病的种群生物学：第二部分

99. Parmesan, C. & Yohe, G. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421, 37-42 (2003).

全球气候变化对自然系统影响的指纹

100. Power, M. E. Effects of fish in river food webs. Science 250, 811-881 (1990).

鱼类对河流食物网的影响