Further insight into the rates of origin   of.duplicate genes and their evolutionary fates can now be acquired by using   the genomic databases that have emerged for several species. We focused on   nine taxa for which large numbers of protein-coding sequences are available through   electronic databases: human (Homo sapiens), mouse (Mus musculus), chicken   (Gallus gallus), nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), fly(Drosophila   melanogaster), the plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa (rice), and   the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For each of.these species, the complete   set of available open reading frames was screened to eliminate sequences that   were unlikely to be functional. proteins (21). Each sequence retained after   this initial filtering was then compared against all other members of the   intraspecific set to identify pairs of gene duplicates, which were then analyzed   for the degree of nucleotide divergence (21). The analyses for C. elegans, D.   melanogaster, and S. cerevisiae were based on the complete genomic sequences   available for these species..

现在可以通过使用已经出现的几个物种的基因组数据库来进一步了解重复基因的发生率及其进化命运。我们重点研究了9个类群的基因组电子数据库，其中有大量的蛋白质编码序列。这个类群分别是：人类（Homo sapiens）、小鼠（Mus musculus）、鸡（Gallus Gallus）、线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）、果蝇（Drosophila   melanogaste）、拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）、水稻（Oryza sativa）和酿酒酵母（Saccharo myces cerevisiae）。对于其中每一个物种，筛选出一整套可用的开放式阅读框，以消除不可能是功能性蛋白质的序列（21）。然后，将初始筛选后保留的每个序列与组内的所有其他成员进行比较，以识别成对的基因重复，然后分析这些重复的核苷酸差异程度（21）。对线虫、黑腹果蝇和酿酒酵母的分析基于这些物种的完整基因组序列。