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目睹北美红雀(红衣主教)
黄安年文 黄安年的博客/2015年8月21日下午美东时间;22日凌晨北京时间发布
我们所住Chappaqua, NY林舍有各种各样地上爬、空中飞的小动物,有的是我没有见过也叫不出名字的。这不,刚刚在窗户前看到树梢上一只一身红的小鸟展现在我的眼中,他一会儿从一处飞到另一处,幸好照相机就在我的电脑旁,拿起就抓拍了几张。中午大外孙夏令营结束回家,我问他这种鸟见过吗,他说见过。我又问叫什么名字,他说:Cardinal。我在网上一查才明白原来名字那么响亮:北美红雀(红衣主教)。
照片4张即时拍摄。
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北美红雀
北美红雀(红衣主教) Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)- 一种北美鸣鸟(主红雀主红雀属),体长8.3~9英吋。它头上有一个有特色的羽冠,雄鸟喙周围有黑色羽毛而雌鸟喙周围有灰色羽毛。这类鸟是同种异形,区分显示在它们的羽毛颜色,雄鸟是耀眼的红色,而雌鸟则是淡红褐色。它们的主要食物是种子,但也吃昆虫和果类。雄鸟喜欢用鸣唱来标志自己的领土。是北美洲红鸟属下的一种鸟类。它们分布在南加拿大,经美国东部缅因州至得克萨斯州,南下至墨西哥,也有分布在夏威夷的大岛及瓦胡岛。它们栖息在林地、花园、丛林及沼泽。
中文学名
北美红雀
拉丁学名
Northern Cardinal
别 称
二名法
Cardinalis
界
动物界
门
亚 门
脊椎动物亚门
纲
亚 纲
今鸟亚纲
目
亚 目
燕雀亚目
科
属
主红雀属
种
北美红雀
分布区域
Cardinal--红衣凤头鸟。
“北美红雀”名字的由来:Cardinal它源于拉丁语cardo‘hinge’(铰链),从cardo的派生词cardinalis(和铰链有关的)演变而来。由于铰链对机器、门窗等所起的关键作用,所以cardinal最早的词义之一是“主要的”、“基本的”。
在罗马天主教的教皇选举中,其结果取决于(hingedon)红衣主教。红衣主教是天主教的最高主教,分掌教廷各部和许多国家重要教区的领导权。因此,cardinal一词最初喻指“红衣主教(的)”。由于红衣主教身着红色长袍,cardinal又进一步引申为“深红色(的)”、“鲜红色(的)”。18世纪在新大陆发现了一种红羽毛的鸟,cardinal又成了鸟名,即“红衣凤头鸟”或“北美红雀”。
美国有个俄亥俄州(Ohio-- OH) ,别名“七叶树之州”(BuckeyeState),位于美国中北部偏东。州鸟便是北美红雀(Cardinal)。州树是七叶树 (Buckeye)。座右铭是“与上帝同在,无往而不胜”(With god, all things are possible)。[1]
北美红雀呈中等大小,体长20~23厘米,翼展25~31厘米,重45克。雄鸟呈鲜红色,面部呈黑色,一直伸延至上胸。背部及双翼最为沉色。雌鸟呈灰棕色,双翼、冠及尾羽上有红彩。雌鸟面部呈灰至黑色,但不怎么明显。它们都有明显隆起的冠,喙是鲜珊瑚色,呈圆锥状及很强壮。幼鸟的颜色像成年的雌鸟,到了冬天就会换羽成为成鸟。幼鸟上身褐色,下身红褐色,胸部、前额、双翼及尾巴呈砖红色。脚部呈深粉红褐色。虹膜呈褐色。雄鸟主羽的颜色是来自所吃的类胡萝卜素红色及黄色色素。雄鸟具有代谢类胡萝卜素色素来制造主羽色彩。当只吃具黄色色素的食物时,它们会变得较为淡红色而非黄色。
北美红雀属于红鸟科下的红鸟属,它们最初被分类到交嘴雀属中。
1838年,它们才被分类到红鸟属,且名为Cardinalisvirginianus。
1983年,其学名改为Cardinaliscardinalis。
北美红雀的学名意义是天主教会的枢机(红衣主教),因枢机有着明显的红袍及帽子。
4生存状态编辑饮食习性
北美红雀主要吃野草、农作物及果实。它们会在地上寻找食物。它们也会吃甲虫、草蜢、蜗牛、野生果实及草莓、玉米及燕麦、向日葵种子、榆树的树皮及花卉,并会喝枫树的树汁。夏天,它们会选择吃容易找到的种子。它们及其雏鸟也会吃昆虫,在冬天也常光顾其他鸟的餐桌。[2]
北美红雀是多种北美洲原生掠食者的猎物,包括鸡鹰、呆头伯劳、灰伯劳、灰松鼠、长耳鸮及东美角鸮。
牛奶蛇、美洲黑游蛇、冠蓝鸦、狐松鼠及东美花鼠也会掠食它们的雏鸟及鸟蛋。
北美红雀主要栖息在林区、灌木丛和公园里。北美红雀多生活于储木房,果园,灌木,沼泽等。
北美红雀是地盘性的,不同地区的北美红雀的叫声也有不同。雄鸟会在树顶或其他高处以清晰的歌声来保
雌雄同体的北美红雀(罕见的基因变异所致)
护地盘,并会追逐进入地盘内的其他雄鸟。单凭其叫声,就能轻易分辨其性别。北美红雀有很特别的警报声,就是一下很短的金属声。这警报声就可以提醒雌鸟及雏鸟有掠食者接近鸟巢。当危害越大时,它们警报声的频率及声浪也会加大。雄鸟及雌鸟也会用此声音来确定对方的位置。
不过,它们很多是会将自己的倒影看为入侵的雄鸟,并与之打斗。
雄鸟会喂雌鸟吃食作为示爱行为
交配的雄鸟及雌鸟在筑巢前有时会一起唱歌。雄鸟会寻找食物来喂雌鸟作为示爱的行为。当交配成功,雄鸟会继续喂雌鸟直至孵蛋。
雄鸟有时会带筑巢的物料给雌鸟,让雌鸟筑巢。雌鸟会用喙分开树枝,用身体来弯曲树枝及以脚来造成杯状。
鸟巢有四层:底层为粗糙的树枝,其上以树叶覆盖,树皮围边,最后再铺上草、茎、小根及针叶等。一般需要3~9日才能完成鸟巢。鸟巢高5~8厘米,10厘米阔,内径8厘米。它们只会使用鸟巢一次。雌鸟会在丛林中或1~3米的树上筑巢。
在完成鸟巢后的1~6天就会生蛋。鸟蛋是白色的,有绿色、蓝色或褐色色彩,并有薰衣草色、灰色或褐色的斑点。蛋壳光滑及稍有光泽。雌鸟每次会生3~4只蛋。鸟蛋约有2厘米大小。一般会由雌鸟负责孵蛋,雄鸟很少及只会孵很短的时间。孵化期为12~13日。雏鸟到了10~11日大就会换羽。每年会生育2~3次。当雌鸟生产或孵化另一胎时,雄鸟就会负责喂养上一胎的雏鸟。
野生北美红雀的寿命最少有15.75岁,而饲养的一般可以活到28.5岁。成年北美红雀每年存活率为60~65%。不过,由于雏鸟的高死亡率,它们的平均寿命只约有1年。和大部分鸣禽不同,雌北美红雀和雄北美红雀都唱歌,而且数年保持同一种唱腔。[2]
主要分布于北美洲,在美国东部的缅因州至得克萨斯州,及加拿大安大略省、魁北克省及新斯科舍,北美红雀的数量很是丰富。它们的分布地延伸至美墨边境及南经墨西哥至北危地马拉及伯利兹的特万特佩克地峡。在18世纪,它们被引进到百慕大。它们也有被引入到加利福尼亚州南部及夏威夷。它们是留鸟,但也会因极端的天气及食物供应而作出迁徙。在最近的100年里,北美红雀的活动范围在逐渐北扩。[3]
2002年1月6日,在美国印第安纳州威尔斯曼森林自然保护区,一只帅气的北美红雀在工作人员的手中玩耍。工作人员对这里每种鸟儿的生活习性都进行仔细的观察和记录,以便日后进行深入研究。
北美红雀被国际自然保护联盟列为无危。估计全球的分布地有580万平方公里,全球数量为1亿只,保持稳定。由于其鲜艳的颜色及独特的歌声,它们曾被作为宠物。在美国,它们受到《1918年候鸟条约》(Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918)的保护,禁止作为笼鸟将其出售。它们在加拿大也受到保护。
词条图册更多图册
参考资料
· 1. 名字由来的资料 .
· 2. 体型特征和生活习性的资料来源 .
· 3. 分布范围的资料来源 .
http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=056RDXs1yYrx16ulhKb_OW6jWu88c20X0DlzFArNZXqqXB8M4FDecfLWt41IB2tLGZxOw-jZffKq58K1NBGZa_
Cardinal (bird)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the bird family. For other uses, see Cardinal.
Cardinal | |
Male northern cardinal | |
Kingdom: | |
Phylum: | |
Class: | |
Order: | |
Suborder: | |
Family: | Cardinalidae |
Genera | |
Periporphyrus |
Cardinals, in the family Cardinalidae,are passerinebirds found in Northand SouthAmerica. They are also known as cardinal-grosbeaks and cardinal-buntings.The South American cardinals in the genusParoariaare placed in another family, the Thraupidae(previously placed in Emberizidae).
Contents
[hide]
Biology[edit]
They are robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. The family ranges insize from the 12-cm (4.7-in), 11.5-g (0.40-oz) and up orange-breasted bunting to the 25-cm(9.8-in), 85-g (2.99-oz) black-headed saltator. They are typicallyassociated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinctive appearances.The northern cardinaltypespecies was named by colonists for the male's redcrest, reminiscent of a Catholic cardinal's mitre.[1]
The "buntings" in this family are sometimes generically known as"tropical buntings" (though not all live in the tropics) or"North American buntings" (though there are other buntings in NorthAmerica) to distinguish them from the true buntings,whose family does contain North American birds, but who are referred to as Americansparrows (unrelated to Old World sparrows), juncos, and towhees ratherthan buntings. Likewise the grosbeaks in this family are sometimes called"cardinal-grosbeaks" to distinguish them from other grosbeaks. Thename "cardinal-grosbeak" can also apply to this family as a whole.
Most species are rated by the IUCN as being of leastconcern, though some are nearthreatened.[2]
Species list[edit]
1) "Masked" clade:
Genus Periporphyrus
Red-and-black grosbeak, Periporphyrus erythromelas
Genus Caryothraustes
Black-faced grosbeak, Caryothraustes poliogaster
Yellow-green grosbeak, Caryothraustes canadensis
Genus Rhodothraupis
Crimson-collared grosbeak, Rhodothraupis celaeno
Genus Cardinalis
Northern cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis
Pyrrhuloxia, Cardinalis sinuatus
Vermilion cardinal, Cardinalis phoeniceus
Genus Piranga (from Thraupidae)
Rose-throated tanager, Piranga roseogularis
Hepatic tanager, Piranga flava
Scarlet tanager, Piranga olivacea
Summer tanager, Piranga rubra
Western tanager, Piranga ludoviciana
Flame-colored tanager, Piranga bidentata
White-winged tanager, Piranga leucoptera
Red-headed tanager, Piranga erythrocephala
Red-hooded tanager, Piranga rubriceps
Cardinalis sinuatus in Tucson, Arizona
Female northern cardinal
Cardinal in Texas
2) "Blue" clade:
Genus Amaurospiza (from Emberizidae)
Blue seedeater, Amaurospiza concolor
Carrizal seedeater, Amaurospiza carrizalensis
Blackish-blue seedeater, Amaurospiza moesta
Genus Cyanocompsa
Ultramarine grosbeak, Cyanocompsa brissonii
Blue bunting, Cyanocompsa parellina
Blue-black grosbeak, Cyanocompsa cyanoides
Genus Cyanoloxia
Glaucous-blue grosbeak, Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea
Genus Passerina, , North American buntings
Blue grosbeak, Passerina caerulea - sometimes separated in Guiraca
Lazuli bunting, Passerina amoena
Indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea
Varied bunting, Passerina versicolor
Painted bunting, Passerina ciris
Rose-bellied bunting, Passerina rositae
Orange-breasted bunting, Passerina leclancherii
Genus Spiza
Dickcissel, Spiza americana
3) Ant tanager clade:
Genus Habia (from Thraupidae)
Red-crowned ant tanager, Habia rubica
Red-throated ant tanager, Habia fuscicauda
Sooty ant tanager, Habia gutturalis
Black-cheeked ant tanager, Habia atrimaxillaris
Crested ant tanager, Habia cristata
Genus Chlorothraupis (from Thraupidae)
Olive tanager, Chlorothraupis carmioli
Carmiol's tanager, Chlorothraupis (c.) carmioli
Olive tanager, Chlorothraupis (c.) frenata
Lemon-spectacled tanager, Chlorothraupis olivacea
Ochre-breasted tanager, Chlorothraupis stolzmanni
4) "Chat" clade:
Genus Granatellus (from Parulidae)
Red-breasted chat, Granatellus venustus
Gray-throated chat, Granatellus sallaei
Rose-breasted chat, Granatellus pelzelni
5) "Pheucticus" clade:
Genus Pheucticus
Mexican yellow grosbeak, Pheucticus chrysopeplus
Southern yellow grosbeak, Pheucticus chrysogaster
Black-thighed grosbeak, Pheucticus tibialis
Black-backed grosbeak, Pheucticus aureoventris
Rose-breasted grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus
Black-headed grosbeak, Pheucticus melanocephalus
Incertae sedis - these birds traditionallyplaced in the cardinal family are biochemically related to various tanager (Thraupidae)groups:
Genus Saltator, the saltators (biochemical studies suggest the saltators may be a sister group to tanagers)
Lesser Antillean saltator, Saltator albicollis
Streaked saltator, Saltator striatipectus
Grayish saltator, Saltator coerulescens
Buff-throated saltator, Saltator maximus
Black-headed saltator, Saltator atriceps
Slate-colored grosbeak, Saltator grossus
Black-throated grosbeak, Saltator fuliginosus
Black-winged saltator, Saltator atripennis
Green-winged saltator, Saltator similis
Orinoco saltator, Saltator orenocensis
Black-cowled saltator, Saltator nigriceps
Golden-billed saltator, Saltator aurantiirostris
Thick-billed saltator, Saltator maxillosus
Masked saltator, Saltator cinctus
Black-throated saltator, Saltator atricollis
Rufous-bellied saltator, Saltator? rufiventris - apparently a mountain-tanager
Genus Porphyrospiza (this species appears to be related to the tanager species band-tailed sierra-finch)
Blue finch, Porphyrospiza caerulescens
Genus Parkerthraustes (this species appears to be a tanager)
Yellow-shouldered grosbeak, Parkerthraustes humeralis
References[edit]
1. Jump up^Duchesne, Bob (September 21, 2012). "Proliferationof cardinals a fairly recent event". BangorDaily News. Archivedfrom the original on October 6, 2014.
2. Jump up^Search "cardinalidae" at IUCN Red List for more info.
Stiles and Skutch, A guide to the birds of Costa RicaISBN 0-8014-9600-4
Hilty, Steven L (2003) Birds of Venezuela London: Christopher Helm, ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
ffrench, Birds of Trinidad and TobagoISBN 0-7136-6759-1
"National Geographic" Field Guide to the Birds of North AmericaISBN 0-7922-6877-6
Klicka, John; Burns, Kevin; Spellman, Garth M. (December 2007). "Defining a monophyletic Cardinalini: A molecular perspective". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution45 (3): 1014–1032.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.006
External links[edit]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(bird)
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