Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History掠影(三)

黄安年文  黄安年的博客/2011年12月8日(美东时间)发布

2010年12月23日,家人带领两个外孙参观了位于耶鲁大学的170 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 的Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History,这个博物馆引发孩子的极大兴趣。

照片（一）26张,（二）26张, （三）16张,是即时拍摄的。

***********************************

Yale Peabody Museum Mission

The mission of the Peabody Museum is to serve Yale University by advancing our understanding of earth’s history through geological, biological, and anthropological research, and by communicating the results of this research to the widest possible audience through publication, exhibition, and educational programs.

Fundamental to this mission is stewardship of the Museum’s rich collections, which provide a remarkable record of the history of the earth, its life, and its cultures. Conservation, augmentation and use of these collections become increasingly urgent as modern threats to the diversity of life and culture continue to intensify.

A short history of the Yale Peabody Museum

Yale University’s earliest museum collection, begun in the 18th century, was a miscellaneous assortment of “natural and artificial curiosities” from around the world typical of college collections of the time. Systematic collecting of specimens for teaching and research began in 1802 with the appointment of Benjamin Sillimanas Professor of Chemistry and Natural History. The outstanding mineral collection Silliman built for Yale, which he used in his pioneering teaching of geology and mineralogy, became an important source of public entertainment and one of the principal attractions for visitors to New Haven.

Silliman’s activities helped to establish Yale as a major center of scientific education in the first half of the 19th century. Among the undergraduates attracted to the University by its scientific reputation was Othniel Charles Marsh. Marsh’s education and his postgraduate studies abroad were funded by his uncle, the wealthy international financier George Peabody.When toward the end of his life Peabody began to distribute his vast fortune to, among others, institutions concerned with education, Marsh persuaded his uncle to include Yale in his philanthropies. In 1866 the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University was founded with a gift of $150,000 for the construction of a museum building and the care and increase of the museum and its collections.

O.C. Marsh was appointed Professor of Paleontology at Yale in 1866, the first such professorship in the United States, and only the second in the world. In addition to serving as director of the Peabody Museum, Marsh, with George Jarvis Brush (Mineralogy) and Addison Emery Verrill(Zoology), was also one of the Peabody Museum’s first three curators. Using his inheritance from his uncle, who died in 1869, Marsh proceeded to amass large collections vertebrate skeletons, vertebrate and invertebrate fossils, fossil footprints, and archaeological and ethnological artifacts.

The first Peabody Museum building opened to the public in 1876, but its capacity was soon strained by the huge dinosaur bones that Marsh’s collectors were sending in to the rapidly growing collections. In 1917 it was demolished to make way for a major dormitory complex, the Harkness Quadrangle. Construction of a new building was delayed by World War I, and the collections were in nearly inaccessible storage for seven years, until the current Peabody Museum building became ready for occupancy in 1924.

Dedicated in December 1925, the new building’s two-story Great Hall was specifically designed to accommodate some of O.C. Marsh’s dinosaurs, such the mounting of the giant “Brontosaurus” (Apatosaurus), completed in 1931 after six years of labor. In 1947 Rudolph F. Zallinger finished the fresco secco painting that is probably the Yale Peabody Museum’s best known feature, the 110-foot mural The Age of Reptiles on the south wall of the Great Hall.

The new building, like the old one, quickly filled with growing collections and the people studying them. Bingham Laboratory, completed in 1959, and the Kline Geology Laboratory (1963), each connected to the Museum and helped to relieve the need for storage, work, and classroom space. Museum collections and staff are also housed in parts of three additional buildings, and a field station a few miles away on Long Island Sound provides varied research opportunities.

In recognition of the importance of conserving the collections and of enabling scientists and scholars to study them properly, the University constructed the new Class of 1954 Environmental Science Center to house approximately half of the Museum’s collections and to provide space for collections-based teaching and research.

Current efforts are addressing the conservation, education and research needs of the collections that make up the remaining portion of the Yale Peabody Museum’s more than 11 million specimens and objects requiring upgraded storage, lab and classroom facilities.

Until 1922, the directorship was unofficially assumed by the Curator of Geology. The title was first used officially in 1922.

1866– 1899

Othniel Charles Marsh

1899– 1904

Charles Emerson Beecher

1904– 1922

Charles Schuchert

1922– 1938

Richard Swann Lull

(Acting, 1936–38)

1938– 1942

Albert Eide Parr

1942– 1959

Carl Owen Dunbar

1959– 1964

Sidney Dillon Ripley II

1964

David Challinor

(Acting)

1964– 1970

Alfred Walter Crompton

1970– 1976

Charles Gald Sibley

1976– 1979

Keith Stewart Thomson

(Acting, 1976-77)

1979– 1982

Karl Mensch Waage

(Acting, 1979-80)

1982– 1987

Leo Joseph Hickey

1987– 1990

Willard Daniel Hartman

(Acting, 1987-90; Director, 1990 July – December)

1991– 1994

Alison Fettes Richard

1994

Edward Allen Adelberg (Acting)

1995– 2002

Richard Lewis Burger

2003– 2008

Michael John Donoghue

2008

Jay John Ague

(Acting, July to December)

2009- Present

Derek Ernest Gilmor Briggs

http://peabody.yale.edu/about-us/mission-history

******************

George Peabody

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article is about the London-based banker and philanthropist. For the southern USA capitalist, see George Foster Peabody.

George Peabody

Born

February 18, 1795(1795-02-18)

Peabody, Massachusetts, U.S.

Died

November 4, 1869(1869-11-04) (aged 74)

London, England

Resting place

Harmony Grove Cemetery, Salem, Massachusetts

Occupation

Financier, Banker, Entrepreneur

Net worth

USD $16 million at the time of his death (approximately 1/556th of US GNP)[1]

Religion

Unitarian

Spouse

none

Children

none

Parents

Thomas Peabody and Judith Dodge

George Peabody (/?pi?b?di/ PEE-b?-dee;[2] February 18, 1795 – November 4, 1869) was an American-British entrepreneur and philanthropist who founded the Peabody Trust in Britain and the Peabody Institute in Baltimore, and was responsible for many other charitable initiatives.

Peabody was born in what was then South Danvers (now Peabody), Massachusetts. His family had Puritan antecedents in the state, but was poor, and as one of eight children George suffered some deprivations during his upbringing: these factors influenced his later philanthropic tendencies. His birthplace at 205 Washington Street in Peabody is now the George Peabody House Museum, a museum dedicated to preserving his life and legacy. One of his longtime business associates and friends was renowned banker and art patron William Wilson Corcoran. In 1816, he moved to Baltimore, where he would live for the next 20 years.

Peabody first visited the UK in 1827 for business reasons, and over the next decade made four more trans-Atlantic trips, establishing a branch office in Liverpool, and later the banking firm of George Peabody & Co. in London. In 1837 he took up permanent residence in London, remaining there for the rest of his life.

In February 1867, on one of several return visits to the United States, and at the height of his financial success, Peabody's name was suggested by Francis Preston Blair as a possible Secretary of the Treasury in the cabinet of President Andrew Johnson. At about the same time, his name was also mentioned in newspapers as a future presidential candidate. Peabody described the presidential suggestion as a "kind and complimentary reference", but considered that he was too old for either office.[3]

Although he was briefly engaged in 1838 (and later allegedly had a mistress, who bore him a daughter, in Brighton), Peabody never married.[4] He died in London on November 4, 1869, aged 74, at the house of his friend Sir Curtis Miranda Lampson. At the request of the Dean of Westminster and with the approval of the Queen, Peabody was given a temporary burial in Westminster Abbey.[5]

Peabody's funeral in Westminster Abbey.

His will provided that he be buried in the town of his birth, Danvers, Massachusetts, and Prime Minister Gladstone arranged for Peabody's remains to be returned to America on HMS Monarch, the newest and largest ship in Her Majesty's Navy. He was laid to rest in Harmony Grove Cemetery, in Salem, Massachusetts, on February 8, 1870. Peabody's death and the pair of funerals were international news, with hundreds of people participating in the ceremonies and thousands attending.[6]

[edit] Business

While serving as a volunteer in the War of 1812, Peabody met Elisha Riggs, who, in 1814, provided financial backing for what became the wholesale dry goods firm of Riggs, Peabody & Co., specializing in importing dry goods from Britain. Branches were opened in New York and Philadelphia in 1822. Riggs retired in 1829, and the firm became Peabody, Riggs & Co., with Peabody as senior partner.

Peabody first visited the UK in 1827 to purchase wares, and to negotiate the sale of American cotton in Lancashire. He subsequently opened a branch office in Liverpool, and British business began to play an increasingly important role in his affairs. He appears to have had some help in establishing himself from William and James Brown, the sons of another successful Baltimore businessman, the Irishman Alexander Brown, who managed their father's Liverpool office, opened in 1810.

In 1835, Peabody established the banking firm of George Peabody & Co. in London. It was founded to meet the increasing demand for securities issued by the American railroads, and – although Peabody continued to deal in dry goods and other commodities – he increasingly focused his attentions on merchant banking. The bank rose to become the premier American house in London. In 1854, Peabody took Junius Spencer Morgan (father of J. P. Morgan) into partnership to form Peabody, Morgan & Co., and the two financiers worked together until Peabody’s retirement in 1864. Peabody frequently entertained and provided letters of introduction for American businessmen visiting London, and became known for the Anglo-American dinners he hosted in honor of American diplomats and other worthies, and in celebration of the Fourth of July. In 1851, when the US Congress refused to support the American section at the Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace, Peabody advanced ?3000 to improve the exhibit and uphold the reputation of the United States. During the run on the banks of 1857, Peabody had to ask the Bank of England for a loan of ?800,000: although rivals tried to force the bank out of business, it managed to emerge with its credit intact.

Following this crisis, Peabody began to retire from active business, and in 1864 retired fully (taking with him much of his capital, amounting to over $10,000,000, or ?2,000,000). Peabody, Morgan & Co. was then renamed J. S. Morgan & Co. The former UK merchant bank Morgan Grenfell (now part of Deutsche Bank), international universal bank JPMorgan Chase and investment bank Morgan Stanley can all trace their roots to Peabody's bank.[7]

[edit] Philanthropy

Peabody Estates provide cheap housing in Central London even today. This sign is on the side of an estate in Westminster.

Peabody is the acknowledged father of modern philanthropy,[8][9][10] having established the practice later followed by Johns Hopkins, Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller and Bill Gates. In the United States, his philanthropy largely took the form of educational initiatives. In Britain, it took the form of providing housing for the poor.

In America, Peabody founded and supported numerous institutions in New England and elsewhere. At the close of the American Civil War, he established the Peabody Education Fund to "encourage the intellectual, moral, and industrial education of the destitute children of the Southern States."[11] His grandest beneficence, however, was to Baltimore; the city in which he achieved his earliest success.

The first block of Peabody dwellings in Commercial Street, Spitalfields, London. A wood-engraving published in the Illustrated London News in 1863, shortly before the building opened.

In April 1862, Peabody established the Peabody Donation Fund, which continues to this day as the Peabody Trust, to provide housing of a decent quality for the "artisans and labouring poor of London". The trust's first dwellings, designed by H. A. Darbishire in a Jacobethan style, were opened in Commercial Street, Spitalfields in February 1864.

Peabody's philanthropy was recognised and on 10 July 1862 he was made a Freeman of the City of London, the motion being proposed by Charles Reed in recognition of his financial contribution to London's poor.[12] He became the first of only two Americans (the other being Dwight D. Eisenhower) to have received the award. A statue of him was unveiled by the Prince of Wales in 1869 next to the Royal Exchange, London, on the site of the former church of St Benet Fink (demolished 1842-6).

George Peabody is known to have provided benefactions of well over $8 million, most of them in his own lifetime. Among the list are included:

1852 The Peabody Institute (now the Peabody Institute Library),[13] Peabody, Mass: $217,000

1856 The Peabody Institute, Danvers, Mass (now the Peabody Institute Library of Danvers):[14] $100,000

1857 The Peabody Institute (now the Peabody Institute of the Johns Hopkins University), Baltimore: $1,400,000

1862 The Peabody Donation Fund, London: $2,500,000

1866 The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University: $150,000

1866 The Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University: $150,000

1867 The Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass: $140,000

1867 The Peabody Institute, Georgetown, District of Columbia: $15,000 (today the Peabody Room, Georgetown Branch, DC Public Library).

1867 Peabody Education Fund: $2,000,000

1875 George Peabody College for Teachers, now the Peabody College of Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. The funding came from the Peabody Education Fund

1866 The Georgetown Peabody Library, the public library of Georgetown, Massachusetts

1866 The Thetford Public Library, the public library of Thetford, Vermont: $5,000

1901 The Peabody Memorial Library, Sam Houston State University, Texas

[edit] Recognition and commemoration

In 1862, Peabody was made a Freeman of the City of London.

On March 16, 1867, he was awarded the United States Congressional Gold Medal.[15]

Also in 1867, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Laws by Harvard University, and an Honorary Doctorate in Civil Law by Oxford University.[16]

The town of South Danvers, Massachusetts, changed its name in 1868 to The City of Peabody, Massachusetts, in honor of its favorite son.

Statue by Royal Exchange (London)

A statue sculpted by William Wetmore Story stands next to the Royal Exchange in the City of London, unveiled in 1869 shortly before Peabody's death. A replica, erected in 1890, stands next to the Peabody Institute, in Mount Vernon Park, part of the Mount Vernon neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland.

In 1900, Peabody was one of the first 29 honorees to be elected to the Hall of Fame for Great Americans, located on what was then the campus of New York University (and is now that of Bronx Community College), at University Heights, New York.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: George Peabody

[edit] References

1. ^ Klepper, Michael; Gunther, Michael (1996), The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates—A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present, Secaucus, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, p. xii, ISBN 9780806518008, OCLC 33818143

2. ^ This is the standard pronunciation in the United States, and presumably how Peabody himself pronounced his name. In Britain, however, the name of George Peabody himself, and of the Peabody Trust, is invariably pronounced as spelt, Pea-body (/?pi?'b?di/).

3. ^ Parker 1995, pp. 164-5, 203, 214.

4. ^ Parker 1995, pp. 29-33.

5. ^ "Funeral of George Peabody at Westminster Abbey". The New York Times. 1869-11-13. p. 3. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9804E0D7123BE63BBC4B52DFB7678382679FDE. "As soon as the ceremony within the church was over the procession formed again, and advanced to a spot near the western entrance, where a temporary grave had been prepared... Here the body was deposited, and will remain until it is transported to America."

6. ^ Parker, Franklin (July 1966). "The Funeral of George Peabody". Peabody Journal of Education (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (Taylor & Francis Group)) 44 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1080/01619566609537382. JSTOR 1491421.

7. ^ Chernow: The House of Morgan

8. ^ Bernstein, Peter (2007). All the Money in the World. Random House. p. 280. ISBN 0307266125. "Even before the Carnegies and Rockefellers became philanthropic legends, there was George Peabody, considered to be the father of modern philanthropy."

9. ^ Davies, Gill (2006). One Thousand Buildings of London. Black Dog Publishing. p. 179. ISBN 1579125875. "George Peabody (1795-1869)—banker, dry goods merchant, and father of modern philanthropy..."

10. ^ "Peabody Hall Stands as Symbol of University's History". University of Arkansas. December 2009. http://coehp.uark.edu/colleague/7657.php. Retrieved 2010-03-12. "George Peabody is considered by some to be the father of modern philanthropy."

11. ^ "George Peabody Library History". Johns Hopkins University. http://www.peabodyevents.library.jhu.edu/history.html. Retrieved 2010-03-12. "After the Civil War he funded the Peabody Education Fund which established public education in the South."

12. ^ "London People: George Peabody". http://www.london-footprints.co.uk/peopeabody.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12. "By 1867 Peabody had received honours from America and Britain, including being made a Freeman of the City of London, the first American to receive this honour."

13. ^ Peabodylibrary.org

14. ^ Danverslibrary.org

15. ^ Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives - Congressional Gold Medal Recipients

16. ^ Parker 1995, p. 203.

[edit] Further reading

* Burk, Kathleen (1989). Morgan Grenfell 1838-1988: the biography of a merchant bank. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198283067.

* Burk, Kathleen (2004). "Peabody, George (1795–1869)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21664. Retrieved 24 Sept 2011. (Subscription required.)

* Hanaford, Phebe Ann (1870). The Life of George Peabody: Containing a Record of Those Princely Acts of Benevolence Which Entitle Him to the Esteem and Gratitude of All Friends of Education and the Destitute, Both in America, the Land of His Birth, and in England, the Place of His Death. B.B. Russell.

* Parker, Franklin (1995). George Peabody: A Biography (2nd ed.). Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. ISBN 0826512569.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Peabody