重提《美国空军博物馆参观记》

黄安年文  黄安年的博客/2017年8月26日发布

（按：《美国空军博物馆参观记》一文写于2003年9月2日，2004年6月30日增补，文章收录于黄安年著《美国纪行——一个中国学者眼中的美国社会》，第204-207页，文化艺术出版社，2005年11月版，内容略有修改。并在学术交流网美国问题观察栏目2003年9月22日首发。黄安年的博客2007年4月19日发布。正文中的蓝色字体在《美国纪行》中略去。）

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美国空军博物（United States Air Force Museum，USAF Museum）是世界上最大和历史最久的军事航空博物馆。2003年9月2日全天，我们在袁青教授的陪同下进行参观。博物馆位于俄亥俄州代顿市东，它的东侧是675号公路，南面是35号公路，西边紧邻河边镇。每年这里接待了来自世界各地数以百万计的参观访问者，除感恩节、圣诞节和元旦外，全天9—17时免费对外开放，不需出示任何证件。今年是美国航空发展史的100周年，独立日这天，这里举行了盛大的庆祝活动，博物馆也进行了整修和扩大。我们参观的一些项目是新展出的。

美国空军博物馆分早期馆（从早年军事飞行到第二次世界大战）、现代飞行库、现代馆（二战、喷气时代、朝鲜战争、越南战争）、空间馆、空军一号总统座机馆等。在二战馆我们特别参观展出的中美两国结盟共同反对日本法西斯的难忘历史资料。1942-1945年美中两国空军共同承担的世界空运史上最为艰难的鸵峰空运通道、陈纳德将军指挥的飞虎队(第14航空队)在中国参加抗日战争在中美两国人民之间友好交往史上留下了极其难忘的回忆。后来我们了解到2004年6月24日，美国空军博物馆悬挂着一幅在飞越驼峰中牺牲和失踪的部分美军飞行员的照片。由中国国务院新闻办公室和美国空军博物馆共同举办的《历史的记忆》展，分为“飞虎队”、“营救杜利特尔”和“飞越驼峰”三个部分，形象地讲述了第二次世界大战期间中美合作抗日的历史。展览结束后，展品永久存放在美国空军博物馆。

早期馆陈列了莱特兄弟试飞的许多实物以及从第一次世界大战到第二次世界大战开始时的珍贵飞行文物。现代飞行库陈列了近代不同飞行时期的飞行器实物,你可以随意进入机仓参观。在现代馆里我们看到二战时期陈纳德的飞虎队在中国的活动实物及照片，看到冷战时期美国的U-2无人驾驶飞机和在朝鲜战争和越南战争期间的飞行器和珍贵实物。我们在莱特兄弟试飞的许多实物前面停留良久。100年前的12月17日，他们在北卡罗来纳州基蒂霍克海滩上空飞行了4次，最长的一次持续约一分钟，飞行距离850英尺。有5人在场目睹了他们的飞行。奥列佛·莱特和韦伯·莱特兄弟经营自行车，精于机械制造技术。从1896年开始研究飞行。1904、1905年又分别造出了“飞行者2号”和“飞行者3号”，1905年10月5日韦伯·莱特驾驶的飞行者3号持续飞行了38分钟，航程达39公里，具有了实用效能。在我们来到博物馆前几不久，布什总统刚刚来过代顿。后来我们知道2003年12月17日，在同一地点，美国隆重纪念莱特兄弟的这一历史性突破。在过去100年中，人类实现了超音速飞行，太空旅行已习以为常，“旅行者1号”飞船目前正向太阳系边缘飞去。

我们重点参观的是空军一号总统座机馆。一进博物馆就直接来到参观总统座机的展厅,需要排队等候专车接送到另外一个展区,大约开了5分钟光景就到了展厅。这个展厅通过总统座机联系着当代世界和美国的一些重大历史事件。我们登上了陈列着的每架总统座机，从小罗斯福总统到克林顿均一一登机参观。

空军博物馆里陈列了250多架飞机，其中供总统使用的有9架。老罗斯福总统在1910年曾坐过Wright B型飞机，但是正式拥有总统座机的是1943年1月11日，罗斯福总统在迈阿密秘密飞往卡萨布兰卡与英国首相邱吉尔会晤，这次空中飞行总计长达42小时。1944年，美国军方为罗斯福专门设计了一架飞机———道格拉斯公司生产的C-54四引擎螺旋桨飞机（Douglas C-54C"Skymaster"）。这架飞机上特别安装了一部小型电梯，可以轻松地将罗斯福和他的轮椅送到机舱里。第一次专门为总统座机设计的Sacred Cow是罗斯福总统1945年2月参加雅尔塔会议使用的。此后有几架为总统使用的飞机，但是还没有定名为空军一号。1947年7月26日杜鲁门总统在飞机上签署了国家安全法。杜鲁门总统使用的专机还有Douglas VC-118"Liftmaster"。1950年10月杜鲁门总统到威克岛和盟军司令麦克阿瑟五星上将讨论朝鲜战局问题，使用的就是这架飞机。1956-1960年德怀特·D.艾森豪威尔总统乘坐U-4B短途旅行。它是最小的空军一号，我们登上了艾森豪威尔总统的座机，正好遇到一位身重200多磅的美国胖子在飞机走道里迎面而遇，两人无法同时走过，只能侧身让对方先过，飞机上的卧房，和火车上的卧铺差不了多少。在艾森豪威尔总统离职后，飞机用作政府高官的飞行。1969年10月1日它被送往空军研究院,1996年进入博物馆。艾森豪威尔总统使用的另一架飞机是Lockheed VC-121E" Constellation"。

使总统出行全面走向现代化的是肯尼迪总统。电视上经常播出他的专机起降的镜头。在妻子杰奎琳的建议下，肯尼迪下令将机舱装饰以艺术品，机身也涂成了更加柔和的蓝白色，“空军一号”的外表还是杰奎琳的设计。从此，“空军一号”成了总统专机的代名词。其后，每一届总统就任后都要对“空军一号”动大手术。1968年8月-1973年初林登B.约翰逊使用的飞机是North American T-39A"Sabreliner"。洛克希德VC-140B "JetStar"在一段时期内曾先后由尼克松、福特、卡特和里根总统坐过。波音空军一号(Boeing VC-137C'Air Force One')的展示是总统座机的重头戏，从肯尼迪到约翰逊、尼克松、卡特、克林顿的专机均逐一展出。从柏林危机到1963年11月22日肯尼迪总统在达拉斯遇刺和约翰逊副总统在飞机上宣誓就职新总统，尼克松总统1972年2月对中国的历史性访问等重大事件都和这架飞机有关。1962年，美国空军开始采用当时最先进且最大型的波音707－320B客机作“空军一号”。肯尼迪总统先是使用道格拉斯DC-6型飞机，后来改为波音707，即萨姆26000。它在约翰逊总统时期以及尼克松总统执政的早期，是总统主要的交通工具。1972年，现在已经退役的波音707—353Ｂ第一次投入使用。克林顿在任时乘坐的总统专机正式名称是“波音747—200B?VC—25A”,尾号为28000和29000(有两架这样的总统专机)。资料显示克林顿在“空军一号”的8年时间里总共飞行了1409090英里，比居第二的里根超出一倍还多。

美国“空军一号”最早从８０年代开始成为前总统尼克松的座机，之后又为前总统福特、卡特、里根、老布什、克林顿以及现任美国总统小布什服务过。这架总统座机在过去２０年左右的时间里曾安全地执行４４４次飞行任务，总行程超过１６０万公里。这架特别装配的７０７－３５３Ｂ型“空军一号”机尾编号是２７０００，１９７２年１２月开始服役。使用中的小布什总统座机当然没有在空军博物馆展出，小布什使用的“空军一号”是波音747-200B，专机编号为VC－25A，速度是900公里／小时，飞行高度是1万米，续航能力达10000多公里。该机是从1990年8月正式投入使用的。

在博物馆邻近处是纪念公园，里面有塑像、纪念装饰品、树丛、长凳等，人们在这里散步回味对博物馆的感受。在博物馆里还有教育部向儿童、成人、旅游者、学者等提供不同需求的节目，而博物馆的研究部则提供进一步的研究信息。IMAX剧院提供相关影片，供读者观看。如果有时间，可以整天在博物馆里仔细地参观。和博物馆相邻的是美国空军基地，在它的旁边是以莱特命名的莱特州立大学，在莱特大学生活区外不远的地方有一座纪念莱特兄弟的纪念碑，在这里，我们站立良久，浮想联翩，在莱特大学图书馆特藏馆，收藏了早期航空史的珍贵资料，包括有关莱特兄弟（Orville and Wilbur Wright）及其家庭的历史资料，藏有代顿地方历史资料等。图书馆里专藏1903年莱特飞行的复制品。

1903年以来的一百年间，我们这里地球已经发生了翻天覆地的变化。

（写于2003年9月2日，2004年6月30日增补）

下面是

美国空军博物馆参观记

黄安年文发表：学术交流网/美国问题观察/2003年9月22日首发

2003年9月2日天空下着阵雨，我们在YQ教授的陪同下参观世界闻名的美国空军博物馆（United States Air Force Museum，USAF Museum）。博物馆位于俄亥俄州代顿市东，它的东侧是675号公路，南面是35号公路，西边紧邻Riverside Town。我们自Beavercreek地区驱车走675号公路到Air Col. GlennHWY转向Harshman Rd.就到了USAF Museum（1100 SpaatzStreet, Wright-Patterson, AFB, Ohio, 45433, www.wpafb.af.mil/museum)。这是世界上最大和历史最久的军事航空博物馆，展示了从Wright Brothers在Kitty Hawk试飞开创世界航空历史新纪元至今的美国军事航空发展史。每年这里接待了来自世界各地数以百万计的参观访问者，除感恩节、圣诞节和元旦外，全年上午9点--下午5点免费对外开放，不需出示任何证件。今年是美国航空发展史的100周年，独立日这天，这里举行了盛大的庆祝活动，博物馆也进行了整修和扩大。我们的参观的一些项目是新展出的。

美国空军博物馆分早期馆（从早年军事飞行到第二次世界大战）、现代飞行库、现代馆（二战、喷气时代、朝鲜战争、越南战争）、空间馆、空军一号总统座机馆等，我们重点参观的是空军一号总统座机馆。

关于早期馆陈列了莱特兄弟试飞的许多实物以及从第一次世界大战到第二次世界大战开始时的珍贵飞行文物。现代飞行库陈列了近代不同飞行时期的飞行器实物,你可以随意进入机仓参观。在现代馆里我们看到二战时期陈纳德的飞虎队在中国的活动实物及照片，看到冷战时期美国的U-2无人驾驶飞机和在朝鲜战争和越南战争期间的飞行器和珍贵实物。

我们一进USAF Museum就直接来到参观总统坐机的展厅,需要排队等候专车接送到另外一个展区,大约开了5分钟光景就到了The Presidential Aircraft and Research andDevelopment/Flight Test Hangars。这个展厅通过总统座机联系着当代世界和美国的一些重大历史事件。我们登上了陈列着的每架总统座机，从小罗斯福总统到克林顿均一一登机参观。

空军博物馆里陈列了250多架飞机，其中供总统使用的有9架。老罗斯福总统在1910年曾坐过Wright B型飞机，但是正式拥有总统座机的是1943年1月11日富兰克林·罗斯福总统在战时参加卡萨布兰卡会议时使用的飞机。据介绍称：“This flight , however, was made aboard an unidentifiedArmy C-54 and the Dixie Clipper a Pan AmericanBoeing 314 contracted by the government. This trip gave rise to the requirementfor a military aircraft specifically assigned to meet the needs of transportingthe President. The first such aircraft was a cargo version of the B-24 bomber,designated a C-87Aand heavily modified for VIP use. This aircraft, named Guess Where II, wasnever used by the President, but Mrs. Roosevelt did make a tour of South and Central America in it in 1944。”

第一次专门为总统座机设计的Sacred Cow是罗斯福总统1945年2月参加雅尔塔会议使用的。此后有几架为总统使用的飞机，但是还没有定名为空军一号。"Today the President's a aircraft are operated aspart of the Special Air Mission fleet of the 89th Airlift Wing based at AndrewsAFB outside of Washington, D.C. This fleet is highlighted by twoVC-25As-modified Boeing 747s and today's AIR force ONE. It also contains thec-137 Stratoliner (Boeing 7070, C-9 Nightingale (McDonnell Douglas DC9), c-20Gulfstream , C-21A(Lear35-A), and UH-IN Iroquois helicopter, as well as the new C-32A(Boeing 757) and C-37 A (Gulfstream V) which will replace thebC-137."

为罗斯福和杜鲁门总统使用过的飞机有Douglas C-54C"Skymaster",其中有专门为罗斯福准备的轮椅，1947年7月26日杜鲁门总统在飞机上签署了国家安全法。"This aircraft , named the Sacred Cow, was built in1944 for use by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It is a Douglas C-54 transportaircraft with extensive interior modifications. One special feature is anelevator behind the passenger cabin to lift the President in his wheelchair inand out of the plane. The passenger compartment includes a conference room witha large desk and bullet-proof picture window. President Roosevelt made hisfirst and only flight in this aircraft, traveling to Yaltain the USSR in February 1945for a conference with the world War Two leaders of Great Britain and the USSR. For security reasons, thetail number on the aircraft was changed for this flight. On July 26, 1947,President Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 while on board theSacred Cow. This act established the Air Force as an independent service,making the Sacred Cow the birthplace of the U.S. Air Force. It was laterassigned to other transport duties and was eventually retired in October 1961.In 1983 the Sacred Cow was trucked to the Air Force Museum and the ten yeartask of restoring the aircraft began in August 1985. The aircraft now appearsas it did during President Roosevelt's trip to Yalta."

杜鲁门总统使用的专机还有DouglasVC-118"Liftmaster"。1950年10月杜鲁门总统到威克岛和盟军司令麦克阿瑟五星上将讨论朝鲜战局问题，使用的就是这架飞机。"The VC-118 was a military variation of the Douglas DC6 commercial airliner. In 1947, USAAF officialsorders the 29th production DC-6 to be modified as a replacement for the aging C-54C Sacred Cow. Presidential aircraft.The aft fuselage was converted into a stateroom and the main cabin configuredto either seat 24 passengers or be made up into 12"Sleeper"berths.The -118 was formally commissioned into the AAF on July 4, 1947, and wasnicknamed Independence for the President'shometown in Missouri.Probably the plan's most historic flight occurred when it carried PresidentTruman to Wake Island in Oct. 1950 to discussthe Korean situation with Gen. Douglas MacArthur." "Beginning in1951, the USAF purchased 165 C-118Aswhich were about six feet longer than the Independence.C-118As played a key role in Operation Safe Haven, the aircraft of 14,000Hungarian refugees to the U.S.in 1956-57.""In May 1953, after nearly six years of White Houseservice, the Independencewas retired as a Presidential aircraft and subsequently several Air Forceorganizations as a VIP transport. It was brought to the USAF Museumin 1965, and in 1977-78, restored to its former presidential markings andeagle-like paint scheme."

1956-1960年德怀特·D.艾森豪威尔总统乘坐U-4B短途旅行。它是最小的空军一号，我们登上了艾森豪威尔总统的座机，正好遇到一位身重200多磅的美国胖子在飞机走道里迎面而遇，两人无法同时走过，只能侧身背过让对方先过，至于飞机上的卧房，和火车上的卧铺。它有两个引擎带有the familiar blue and white paint scheme。在艾森豪威尔总统离职后，飞机用作政府高官的飞行。1969年10月1日它被送往空军研究院（Air Force Academy。1977年11月送往Nebraska CivilAir Patrol,1996年进入博物馆。艾森豪威尔总统使用的另一架飞机是Lockheed VC-121E"Constellation""The C121is the military version of the famed Constellation commercial transport. DuringWorld War Two, the AAF purchased 22 early model Constellations(L-49), whichdesignated C-69s, and between 1948 and 1955 the USAF ordered 150 C-121s(L-749)for use as cargo andpassenger carriers, executive transports, and airborne early warning picketships. The aircraft on display, an L-1049 and only VC-121F built, was President Eisenhower's personalairplane between 1954 and 1961. Mrs. Eisenhower christened it Columbine III inhonor of the official flower of Colorado, her adopted home state. In ceremonieson Nov. 24, 1954. Columbine III served as the presidential aircraft untilPresident Eisenhower left office in January 1961. It remained in servicetransporting government officials and visiting foreign dignitaries throughoutthe world until it was retired to the U.S.Air Force Museumin 1966."

"The UH-13Jwas the Air Force's version of the Bellcommercial model 47J helicopter. Two UH-13Js were purchased in March 1957 foruse as the first presidential helicopters. On July 13, President Eisenhowerbecame the first Chief Executive to fly in a helicopter when he took off fromthe White House lawn in the sister ship of the Sioux on display. Followingtheir retirement as presidential aircraft on March 1, 1962. both UH-13Js wereused to carry high-ranking Department of Defense personnel and numerous foreigndignitaries. In July 1967, they were retired from service, one going to theSmithsonian Institution and the other to the Air Force Museum."

和1968年8月-1973年初林登B.约翰逊有关的飞机是North American T-39A"Sabreliner""The T-39was developed as a private venture to meet a USAF requirement for a twin jetutility trainer. The prototype made its first flight on September 16, 1958。In all143 T-39Asand 6 T-39Bs were built for the USAF. The Sabreliner also entered thecommercial market where it became a highly successful executive jet transport.The T-39A on display wasdelivered to the USAF on June 6, 1963. From August 1968 until early 1973, itwas assigned to Bergstrom AFB, Texas,in support of former President Lyndon B. Johnson . It was flown to the Museumon October 24, 1984."此外"Beech VC-6Ais a standard Beech craft King Air B90 with a VIP interior and is the only oneof its type purchased by the Air Force. It was placed in service in early 1966.During the early part of its operational career, it was used to transportPresident Lyndon B. Johnson and members of his family between Bergstrom AFB, Texas , near Austin, andJohnson family ranch near Johnson city.During this time, the aircraft became informally known as the Lady Bird Special. After leaving presidential service, the VC-6A continued in its special executive transport roleuntil it was retired in September, 1985

洛克希德VC-140B "Jet Star"在一段时期内曾先后由尼克松、福特、卡特和里根总统坐过。""The C-140 is a military version of theLockheed 1329. The prototype Jet Star was first flown on September 4,1957, andproduction began in 1960. Although the majority were built for civilian market,the U.S.Air Force bought 16 Jet Stars as C-140As and -Bs , the first of which wasdelivered in late 1961. Six were flown as VC-140Bs on special government andWhite House airlift mission. The VC-140B on display carried Presidents Nixon,Ford, Cater and Reagan a number of times."

波音空军一号(Boeing VC-137C 'Air Force One')的展示是总统坐机的重头戏，从肯尼迪到约翰逊、尼克松、卡特、克林顿的专机均逐一展出。从柏林危机到1963年11月22日肯尼迪总统在达拉斯遇刺和约翰逊副总统在飞机上宣誓就职新总统，尼克松总统1972年2月对中国的历史性访问等重大事件都和这架飞机有关。"This Boeing 707-320B, USAF serial 62-6000, wasspecially outfitted in 1962 to be the official aircraft of the president of theUnited States. The designation Air Force One was given to this Air Force aircraft only whenthe President was aboard, otherwise it was known by the tail number asSAM(Special Air Mission) 26000."

"On October10, 1962, the VC-137C,26000, entered Air Force service directly from the Boeing assembly line in Renton, Washington.President Kennedy had the aircraft pained in striking blue and white instead ofthe usual military colors to give the aircraft a distinctive look. The words United States of Americawere emblazoned on the fuselage and an American flag was painted on the tail.This aircraft has carried all the presidents from 1962 to 1998."

"In 1963,Number 26000 flew President Kennedy to Berlinwhere he declared to the West Berliners ""Ich bin ein Berliner"that assured them of the continuing support of the US in the face of the construction of the Berlin Wall. Theairplane flew President Kennedy to Dallas, Texas, on November, 22 1963, where he was assassinated,and it was on this airplane that Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn inas the 36th president of the United  States. President Johnson used the aircraftextensively, including flights to Vietnam at the height of thatconflict. Beginning in 1970, President Nixon's National Security Advisor HenryKissinger used the aircraft for 13 trips to Paris for secret negotiations with the NorthVietnamese.

President Nixonalso used 26000 frequently, including his historic trip to China inFebruary 1972 the first visit to that country by an Americanpresident.""In December 1972 ,26000 was replaced as the primarypresidential aircraft by another Boeing VC-137, 72-7000, and 26000 became aback-up. In this role it was used primarily by the vice president and othersenior officials, though still occasionally used by the president himself. Forexample, Secretary of State James Baker used it for flights to the Middle Eastprior to the 1991 Gulf War, The aircraft was flown to the Air Force Museum for permanent display in May 1998."

在博物馆邻近处是纪念公园，里面有塑像、纪念装饰品、树丛、长凳等，人们在这里散步回味对博物馆的感受。在博物馆里还有教育部向儿童、成人、旅游者、学者等提供不同需求的节目，而博物馆的研究部则提供进一步的研究信息。IMAX剧院提供相关影片，供读者观看。如果有时间，可以整天在博物馆里仔细地参观。和博物馆相邻的是美国空军基地，在它的旁边是以莱特命名的莱特州立大学，在莱特大学生活区外不远的地方有一座纪念莱特兄弟的纪念碑，在这里，我们站立良久，浮想联翩，1903年以来的一百年间，我们这里地球已经发生了翻天覆地的变化。

在莱特大学图书馆特藏馆（Wright StateUniversity Libraries Special Collections and archives Paul Laurence DunbarLibrary），收藏了早期航空史的珍贵资料，包括有关Orville and Wilbur Wright 及其家庭的历史资料，藏有代顿地方历史资料等。图书馆里专藏1903年Wright 飞行复制品。介绍提到：(The replica ofthe 1903 Wright Flyer that Graces the atrium of the Paul Laurence DunbarLibrary celebrates the accomplishments of the Wright brothers, who firstachieved controlled powered flight on December 17, 1903,above the sands of Kitty Hawk, North  Carolina. Wright State University is named for Wilburand Orville Wright, printers and bicycle makers from Dayton, Ohio, whosecuriosity about flight led to the research and development that culminated inthe building of the 1903 Flyer.

The originalFlyer was constructed of spruce and powered by a four-cylinder gasoline engine,built by Wright mechanic Charles Taylor Wing surfaces were covered in Pride ofWest muslin. The development of the engine, sewing of the wings, making of thepropellers, and general construction of the frame were all completed in Dayton. The parts wereshipped from Dayton to Kitty Hawk and assembled there. The first successful flight lasted 12seconds and covered a distance of 120feet. This full-scale replica of the 1903Wright Flyer was conceived and built by a dedicated group of volunteer modelmakers, mechanics, engineers, woodworkers and seamstresses under the leadershipof Howard R. DuFore. The replica is constructed of basswood rather than spruce.Muslin again covers the wings and all metal parts were custom-made from drawingsof the originals. The propellers were constructed and donated by HartzellPropeller. The engine is a mock-up of the original and made by larry DuFour.The accuracy of construction or tolerances are to within. .010+_of an inch. Thespecifications of the 1903 Wright Flyer Replica match those of the original,with the exception of the overall weight of the machine. The replica weight 550Lbs. Due to the difference in theweight of the engine and its auxiliary parts.

The Wright 1903Flyer Replica is dedicated the Wilkinson "Wick" Wright ,great nephewof the Wright brothers and generous friend and supporter of the Wright State University Libraries. Itis also a tribute to the volunteers who donated their skill and time to createthe Flyer and encourage the spirit of invention in each of us.The 1903 WrightFlyer Replica was funded by the Wright State UniversityFoundation .)

关于The Wright Brothers Collection提到：“The WrightBrothers Collection at Wright State Universityis one of the most complements records of lives and work of WILBUR AND OrvilleWright, and it complements the collection held by the Library of Congress.Housed in Special Collections and archives in the Paul Laurence Dunbar Library,the collection contains over 6000 items including more than 200 technicalbooks, journals, and pamphlets accumulated by the Wright brothers, and morethan 500 items related to their research, business, and legal endeavors. Italso consisted of the papers and diaries of Bishop Milton Wright (father toWilbur and Orville)and more than 1000 genealogical items gathered by BishopWright and Orville Wright. The nearly 4000 photographs documenting theinvention of powered flight and the lives of the Wright family are anespecially rich aspect of the Wright Brothers Collection.”

附图：全部为原创作品。

1.空军博物馆展出的美国飞机

2.作者在空军博物馆陈列飞机前的摄影

3.空军博物馆展出的第二次世界大战期间美中联合和日本法西斯作战的陈列品

4.空军博物馆陈列的空军一号飞机

5.空军博物馆前

6.空军博物馆陈列的空军一号飞机

7.空军博物馆陈列的空军一号飞机

8. 空军博物馆陈列的空军一号飞机

9．空军博物馆里陈列的飞机

10．空军博物馆内的艾森豪威尔座仓。

11．在莱特兄弟纪念碑前的合影。

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美国空军博物馆参观记（A）

美国空军博物馆参观记（A）

黄安年文发表：学术交流网/美国问题观察/2003年9月22日首发

2003年9月2日天空下着阵雨，我们在YQ教授的陪同下参观世界闻名的美国空军博物馆（United States Air Force Museum，USAFMuseum）。博物馆位于俄亥俄州代顿市东，它的东侧是675号公路，南面是35号公路，西边紧邻Riverside Town。我们自Beavercreek地区驱车走675号公路到AirCol. Glenn HWY转向Harshman Rd.就到了USAF Museum（1100 Spaatz Street, Wright-Patterson, AFB,Ohio, 45433, www.wpafb.af.mil/museum)。这是世界上最大和历史最久的军事航空博物馆，展示了从Wright Brothers在KittyHawk试飞开创世界航空历史新纪元至今的美国军事航空发展史。每年这里接待了来自世界各地数以百万计的参观访问者，除感恩节、圣诞节和元旦外，全年上午9点--下午5点免费对外开放，不需出示任何证件。今年是美国航空发展史的100周年，独立日这天，这里举行了盛大的庆祝活动，博物馆也进行了整修和扩大。我们的参观的一些项目是新展出的。

美国空军博物馆分早期馆（从早年军事飞行到第二次世界大战）、现代飞行库、现代馆（二战、喷气时代、朝鲜战争、越南战争）、空间馆、空军一号总统座机馆等，我们重点参观的是空军一号总统座机馆。

关于早期馆陈列了莱特兄弟试飞的许多实物以及从第一次世界大战到第二次世界大战开始时的珍贵飞行文物。现代飞行库陈列了近代不同飞行时期的飞行器实物,你可以随意进入机仓参观。在现代馆里我们看到二战时期陈纳德的飞虎队在中国的活动实物及照片，看到冷战时期美国的U-2无人驾驶飞机和在朝鲜战争和越南战争期间的飞行器和珍贵实物。

我们一进USAFMuseum就直接来到参观总统坐机的展厅,需要排队等候专车接送到另外一个展区,大约开了5分钟光景就到了The Presidential Aircraft and Research andDevelopment/Flight Test Hangars。这个展厅通过总统座机联系着当代世界和美国的一些重大历史事件。我们登上了陈列着的每架总统座机，从小罗斯福总统到克林顿均一一登机参观。

空军博物馆里陈列了250多架飞机，其中供总统使用的有9架。老罗斯福总统在1910年曾坐过WrightB型飞机，但是正式拥有总统座机的是1943年1月11日富兰克林·罗斯福总统在战时参加卡萨布兰卡会议时使用的飞机。据介绍称：“This flight , however, was made aboard anunidentified Army C-54 and the Dixie Clipper a Pan American Boeing 314contracted by the government. This trip gave rise to the requirement for amilitary aircraft specifically assigned to meet the needs of transporting thePresident. The first such aircraft was a cargo version of the B-24 bomber,designated a C-87Aand heavily modified for VIP use. This aircraft, named Guess Where II, wasnever used by the President, but Mrs. Roosevelt did make a tour of South and Central America in it in 1944。”

第一次专门为总统座机设计的SacredCow是罗斯福总统1945年2月参加雅尔塔会议使用的。此后有几架为总统使用的飞机，但是还没有定名为空军一号。"Today the President's a aircraft areoperated as part of the Special Air Mission fleet of the 89th Airlift Wingbased at Andrews AFB outside of Washington, D.C. This fleet is highlighted bytwo VC-25As-modified Boeing 747s and today's AIR force ONE. It also containsthe c-137 Stratoliner (Boeing 7070, C-9 Nightingale (McDonnell Douglas DC9),c-20 Gulfstream , C-21A(Lear35-A), and UH-IN Iroquois helicopter, as well as the new C-32A(Boeing 757) and C-37 A (Gulfstream V) which will replace thebC-137."

为罗斯福和杜鲁门总统使用过的飞机有Douglas C-54C"Skymaster",其中有专门为罗斯福准备的轮椅，1947年7月26日杜鲁门总统在飞机上签署了国家安全法。"This aircraft , named the Sacred Cow, was built in1944 for use by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It is a Douglas C-54 transportaircraft with extensive interior modifications. One special feature is anelevator behind the passenger cabin to lift the President in his wheelchair inand out of the plane. The passenger compartment includes a conference room witha large desk and bullet-proof picture window. President Roosevelt made hisfirst and only flight in this aircraft, traveling to Yaltain the USSR in February 1945for a conference with the world War Two leaders of Great Britain and the USSR. For security reasons, thetail number on the aircraft was changed for this flight. On July 26, 1947,President Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 while on board theSacred Cow. This act established the Air Force as an independent service,making the Sacred Cow the birthplace of the U.S. Air Force. It was laterassigned to other transport duties and was eventually retired in October 1961.In 1983 the Sacred Cow was trucked to the Air Force Museum and the ten yeartask of restoring the aircraft began in August 1985. The aircraft now appearsas it did during President Roosevelt's trip to Yalta."

杜鲁门总统使用的专机还有DouglasVC-118"Liftmaster"。1950年10月杜鲁门总统到威克岛和盟军司令麦克阿瑟五星上将讨论朝鲜战局问题，使用的就是这架飞机。"The VC-118 was a military variationof the Douglas DC6 commercial airliner. In 1947, USAAF officials orders the29th production DC-6 to be modified as a replacement for the aging C-54C Sacred Cow. Presidential aircraft.The aft fuselage was converted into a stateroom and the main cabin configuredto either seat 24 passengers or be made up into 12"Sleeper"berths.The -118 was formally commissioned into the AAF on July 4, 1947, and wasnicknamed Independence for the President'shometown in Missouri.Probably the plan's most historic flight occurred when it carried PresidentTruman to Wake Island in Oct. 1950 to discussthe Korean situation with Gen. Douglas MacArthur." "Beginning in1951, the USAF purchased 165 C-118Aswhich were about six feet longer than the Independence.C-118As played a key role in Operation Safe Haven, the aircraft of 14,000Hungarian refugees to the U.S.in 1956-57.""In May 1953, after nearly six years of White Houseservice, the Independencewas retired as a Presidential aircraft and subsequently several Air Forceorganizations as a VIP transport. It was brought to the USAF Museumin 1965, and in 1977-78, restored to its former presidential markings andeagle-like paint scheme."

1956-1960年德怀特·D.艾森豪威尔总统乘坐U-4B短途旅行。它是最小的空军一号，我们登上了艾森豪威尔总统的座机，正好遇到一位身重200多磅的美国胖子在飞机走道里迎面而遇，两人无法同时走过，只能侧身背过让对方先过，至于飞机上的卧房，和火车上的卧铺。它有两个引擎带有the familiar blue and white paint scheme。在艾森豪威尔总统离职后，飞机用作政府高官的飞行。1969年10月1日它被送往空军研究院（AirForce Academy。1977年11月送往Nebraska Civil Air Patrol,1996年进入博物馆。艾森豪威尔总统使用的另一架飞机是Lockheed VC-121E"Constellation""The C121is the military version of the famed Constellation commercial transport. DuringWorld War Two, the AAF purchased 22 early model Constellations(L-49), whichdesignated C-69s, and between 1948 and 1955 the USAF ordered 150 C-121s(L-749)for use as cargo andpassenger carriers, executive transports, and airborne early warning picketships. The aircraft on display, an L-1049 and only VC-121F built, was President Eisenhower's personalairplane between 1954 and 1961. Mrs. Eisenhower christened it Columbine III inhonor of the official flower of Colorado,her adopted home state. In ceremonies on Nov. 24, 1954. Columbine III served asthe presidential aircraft until President Eisenhower left office in January1961. It remained in service transporting government officials and visitingforeign dignitaries throughout the world until it was retired to the U.S. AirForce Museum in 1966."

"The UH-13J was the Air Force's version of the Bell commercial model 47J helicopter. TwoUH-13Js were purchased in March 1957 for use as the first presidentialhelicopters. On July 13, President Eisenhower became the first Chief Executiveto fly in a helicopter when he took off from the White House lawn in the sistership of the Sioux on display. Following their retirement as presidentialaircraft on March 1, 1962. both UH-13Js were used to carry high-rankingDepartment of Defense personnel and numerous foreign dignitaries. In July 1967,they were retired from service, one going to the Smithsonian Institution andthe other to the Air Force Museum."

和1968年8月-1973年初林登B.约翰逊有关的飞机是NorthAmerican T-39A"Sabreliner""TheT-39 was developed as a private venture to meet a USAF requirement for a twinjet utility trainer. The prototype made its first flight on September 16, 1958。Inall143 T-39As and 6 T-39Bs were built for the USAF. The Sabreliner also enteredthe commercial market where it became a highly successful executive jettransport. The T-39A ondisplay was delivered to the USAF on June 6, 1963. From August 1968 until early1973, it was assigned to Bergstrom AFB, Texas,in support of former President Lyndon B. Johnson . It was flown to the Museumon October 24, 1984."此外"Beech VC-6A is a standard Beech craft King Air B90 with a VIPinterior and is the only one of its type purchased by the Air Force. It wasplaced in service in early 1966. During the early part of its operationalcareer, it was used to transport President Lyndon B. Johnson and members of hisfamily between Bergstrom AFB, Texas , near Austin, and Johnson family ranch near Johnson city. During this time, the aircraftbecame informally known as the Lady Bird Special . After leaving presidentialservice, the VC-6Acontinued in its special executive transport role until it was retired inSeptember, 1985."

http://www.annian.net/show.aspx?cid=22&id=1527