1. 表明, 表示, 说明, 证明
表明: show, indicate, denote, signify
Calculations indicate that...
Preliminary results indicate that...
Recent study has indicated that...
The available data indicate that
Experience has shown that...
Present results show that...
Previouse work has shown that...
This investigation shows that...
表示: show, indicate, express, demonstrate, illustrate, represent
Fig. 2 demonstrates/shows/indicates/illustrates that...
In the diagram, plump lines represent the observed results.
说明: show, explain, illustrate, interpret
explain how a machine works
to be illustrated by examples
The result shows clearly that this procedure is correct.
To interpret electrical phenomena we must examine the structure of matter.
证明: show, prove
as analyses show that... 分析证明
as fact showed that...
It goes to prove that...
It has been proved that... 一切证明
There has been evidence that... 已经证明
Countless facts have proved this point 无数事实证明了这一点
证实: confirm, verify, support
remain to be confirmed 有待证实
verify a scientific hypothesis
It supports the fact that
Equation(1-7) can be easily verified by differentiating equation (1-6)




2. 获得, 得到, 得出结论
获得: "获得" 的宾语多是抽象的事物
win liberation
win the first prize
win acclaim/earn favourable comment 获得好评
achieve great success
acquire knowledge
In order to obtain a higher temperature it is necessary to raise the pressure.
得到: "得到" 的宾语多是具体的东西
get, obtain, gain
get timely medical treatment
By studying the sketch, we can get an idea of the operation of a simple laser. 研究一下简图, 我们就能对简单激光器的操作得到一个概念。
得出结论: reach/draw/form/make a conclusion
come to a conclusion
arrive at a conclusion
conclude
What conclusion did you draw from the investigation.
They concluded after investigation that this region was not poor in oil.

3. 构成, 组成, 包括
构成: form, constitute, compose, make up
组成: form, make up, compose, constitute
包括: include, comprise, consist of, incorporate
应注意以下几点:
①如果主语是构成的整体 compose 要用被动语态, 如果主语是构成整体的部分 compose 要用主动语态:
误: The sea mainly composes water and salt.
正:The sea is mainly composed of water and salt.
②Hydrogen and oxygen make water.
③Every five persons constitute a group.
④The presidium consists of 148 delegates. 主席团由 148 人组成。
⑤consist of 表示"由......组成", consist 是不及物动词, 虽然在汉语看来像被动语态, 但在英语却是主动语态。由于此词是不及物动词不能用被动语态。
⑥comprise 是一个双面动词, 其主语既可以是构成的整体, 也可以是构成的部分。此词不用被动语态。
Our course of study comprises five subjects.
or
Five subjects comprise our course of study.

4. 利用, 使用, 应用
利用: use, make use of, employ, exploit, utilize
New technology must be developed to exploit the new resources.
Make full use of the latest achievement in science and technology.
使用: use, make use of, employ
The new machine has come into use. "come into use" 行为的主体是物
The new machine has been put into use/operation. "put into use" 行为的主体是人
应用: apply (+ to)
applied science 应用科学
apply theory to practice

5. 检查, 检验, 试验
检查: examine
check up, look over
Steam lines should be checked for corrosion.
Look over your excercises before handing them in.
检验: test, inspect, judge
Strictly examine the quility of the products.
To interpret electrical phenomena we must examine the structure of matter.
试验:
试: try
验: test
He tried his new method on oxygen 他用氧试验他的新方法。
A pulsed laser system has been tested on a satellite.

6. 查, 查对, 查明, 查阅
查: 查字典: look up, read up, consult, find out
误: look up a dictionary
正: look up a word in a dictionary
正: consult a dictionary
查资料: read up the literature
Find out the cause of the accident!
查对: check, verify
check the data
verified/examined and found correct
查明: prove, find out
find out the truth
It has been established that.../investigation reveals that
find out how something started and developed 查明某事的来龙去脉
查阅: consult technical data/look up technical literature
He looked through a number of journals.



7. 完成, 完结, 完工
完成: complete, be ready, accomplish, fulfil, finish
complete one's mission
accomplish a task
fulfil the state plan
完结: end, be over, finish
This is not the end of the matter.
完工: complete a project, finish doing sth., get through
It took only one month to complete the bridge.
finish a piece of writing/ complete the manuscript

8. 讨论, 商量, 商榷, 探讨
讨论: discuss sth., (talk sth. over with sb.)
Electricity production is discussed later in detail.
商量: consult sb.. talk sth. over with sb.
Consult the masses when matters arise. 有事与群众商量
We ought to talk it over with Mr.Smith.
商榷: dicuss, deliberate with sb. over sth.
This point is open to question 这一点值得商榷。
Here are a few points I wish to discuss with you.
探讨: look/enquire/probe/ go into, approach
approach a subject from different angles

from: chem8