书读得越多，越是发现自己需要的东西越多，这就是所谓的“学海无涯”吧。不过，“苦作舟”的“苦”味感倒没有，书，于我，是一剂安慰贴。常常感慨，有书的人生真好！

    二语习得的书中，总会提到Krashen的监控模式或输入假说。话说Krashen同志区分了习得和学得(acquired vs. learned)，引来不少研究者的赞同和批评。就个人而言，偶更喜欢用学得二字。在既定的智力线上，偶需要努力综合运用多方面的factors来发掘偶的未知，故，在以后的博文中，学得的一律用“学得X：”来标识，这是偶的努力的结果，不是无意为之滴，也以此来记录偶也许会忘记的新知识。

Lingua franca, pidgin, and creoles

A lingua franca (混合语，通用语，交际语）(originally Italian for "Frankish language"—see etymology below) is a language systematically used to communicate between persons not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both persons' mother tongues.

Characteristics

Lingua franca is a functionally defined term, independent of the linguistic history or structure of the language: though pidgins and creoles often function as lingua francas, many lingua francas are neither pidgins nor creoles. Synonyms for lingua franca are "vehicular language" and "bridge language". Whereas a vernacular language is used as a native language in a single speaker community, a vehicular language goes beyond the boundaries of its original community, and is used as a second language for communication between communities. For example, English is a vernacular in the UK, but is used as a vehicular language (that is, a lingua franca) in the Philippines.

Etymology

The original lingua franca referred to a mixed language composed mostly (80%) of Italian with a broad vocabulary drawn from Turkish, French, Spanish, Greek and Arabic. It was in use throughout the eastern Mediterranean as the language of commerce and diplomacy in and around the Renaissance era. At that time, Italian speakers dominated seaborne commerce in the port cities of the Ottoman empire. Franca was the Italian word for Frankish. Its usage in the term lingua franca originated from its meaning in Arabic, dating from before the Crusades, whereby all Europeans were called "Franks" or Faranji in Arabic. Lingua franca is first recorded in English in 1678.

Pidgin

A pidgin(混杂语，洋泾浜语，皮钦语） (pronounced /?p?d??n/) language is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, in situations such as trade, or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside (but there is no common language between the groups). A "pidgin" language is, fundamentally, a simplified means of linguistic communication, as is constructed impromptu, or by convention, between groups of people. A "pidgin" language is not the native language of any speech community, but is instead learned as a second language. A "pidgin" language may be built from words, sounds, or body language from multiple other languages / cultures. "Pidgin" languages usually have low prestige with respect to other languages.

Not all simplified or "broken" forms of a language (patois) are "pidgin". Each "pidgin" language has its own norms of usage which must be learned to speak the "pidgin" language well.

Creole

A creole language,（克里奥尔语） or simply a creole, is a stable languge that has originated from a pidgin language that has been nativized (that is, taught to children). The vocabulary of a creole language consists of cognates from the parent languages, though there are often clear phonetic and semantic shifts. On the other hand, the grammar often has original features but may differ substantially from those of the parent languages.

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