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《立委科普：汉语只有完成体，没有过去时》
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Tense/Aspect 1 Simple 2 Perfect 3 Progressive 4 Perfect Progressive 1 Present study, studies have/has studied is/am/are studying have been studying 2 Past studied had studied was/were studying had been studying 3 Modal will/can study will/can have studied will/can be studying * will/can have been studying 4 Past Modal would/could study would/could have studied * would/could be studying * would/could have been studying Table 1: English verb forms for 16 tenses in active voice Tense/Aspect 1 Simple 2 Perfect 3 Progressive 4 Perfect Progressive 1 Present is/am/are studied have/has been studied is/am/are being studied * have been being studied 2 Past was/were studied had been studied was/were being studied * had been being studied 3 Modal will/can be studied will/can have been studied * will/can be being studied * will/can have been being studied 4 Past Modal would/could be studied would/could have been studied * would/could be being studied * would/could have been being studied Table 2: English verb forms for 16 tenses in passive voice Voice/Aspect 1 Simple 2 Perfect 3 Progressive 4 Perfect Progressive 1 Active to study to have studied to be studying to have been studying 2 Passive to be studied to have been studied to be being studied to have been being studied Table 1: English infinitive verb forms for 8 aspect/voice combinations Voice/Aspect 1 Simple 2 Perfect 3 Progressive 4 Perfect Progressive 1 Active studying having studied studying ( * being studying) * having been studying 2 Passive studied having been studied being studied * having been being studied Table 2: English participle forms for 8 aspect/voice combinations Note: Since the Active-Progressive participle form (being studying) is not really used in the community, the simple ING form (studying) in effect has to represent both Simple and Progressive aspect: in a context when it is understood as representing Simple aspect, it is also called gerund; otherwise it is called Present Participle. Note also that the Simple Passive participle form (studied) is often called Past Participle or Perfect Participle.
英语有非常规整、独立的时和体，看上去很逻辑。简单说来，就是４个时，４个体，两个态（voice: 主动语态，被动语态），构成32种时（体）态的组合：如，主动态现在完成时态包括主动态（active）、现在时（present）和完成体（perfect），被动态一般过去时态包括被动态（passive）、过去时（past）和一般体（simple）。英语动词的形式３２种，元素周期表那样规整漂亮，尽管实际使用的动词形式只有约20种形式（下列时态表格的左上部分）。用二维图表达这种组合颇一目了然：常常是主动语态一个表，被动语态一个表，好反映三维关系（图表见下）。
关于“了”字的用法，汉学家写过一车文章。譬如，只是动词后的了１（看了电影）才表达完成体，而句末的了2（看电影了）则表达语气，如果恰好遇到一个不及物动词位于句末，则有歧义，具体表达体还是语气或者两者都沾点儿，需要具体情况具体分析。关于了字的用法，钻牛角尖没大意思。二位的争论听上去太小儿科。
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-362400-445718.html
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