||
Plump mice help to unravel the tangled ties between obesity and cancer
immunology 3.4 18Nov. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07390-1
【summery】PD-1蛋白在肥胖小鼠中的含量更高,下游作用于荷尔蒙leptin,促进了肿瘤的发生。
PD-1蛋白由免疫T细胞表达,抑制免疫系统的反应。leptin(瘦素)增强食欲appetite。
Plump mice;thin mice;obese mice;non-obese counterparts |
fuel tumour growth |
render tumours sensitive to |
be more vulnerable to |
Paradoxical effects of obesity on T cell function during tumor progression and PD-1 checkpoint blockade
Nature Medicine 32.6 18 Nov. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0221-5
跟上一篇文章结论很像。一天online的 NoV.12。没有细看,不知道为什么发到如此悬殊的杂志上。稍微瞄了一眼,有一点,这篇文章有一些人等的数据(across multiple species and tumor models),可能是这个原因。那一篇标题就表明了,只是再mouse里。
【summery】PD-1/PD-L1,肥胖,T cell, Leptin
'Invisible' mice reveal anatomical secrets解剖学的
nature 41.6 news 18Nov. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07336-7 22min
【summery】透明化死亡的啮齿类动物与纳米抗体的结合,原位探究损伤后或正常难以观察到的结构与功能的关系。
vDISCO技术:将死尸透明化以及坚硬化处理
‘nanobodies’: 纳米抗体,体积仅为一般抗体的1/10,同时具有抗体的与抗原结合的特性,容易通过微小血管。(antibodies that are found only in llamas美洲驼, camels骆驼 and alpacas羊驼, and are one-tenth the size of antibody molecules in other species. Similar to their larger cousins, nanobodies can be engineered to stick to specific proteins that are found only in one type of cell — while carrying fluorescent green markers that labels the chosen cells. And because nanobodies are so small, they can easily pass through tiny blood vessels and into organs.)
anatomical secrets |
unprecedented view |
pinpoint specific tissues |
rigid and see-through;transparent and hard like plastic |
Crystal clear |
soaking a mouse's body in organic solvents to strip it of fats and pigments (coloring) |
shrinks by up to 60% |
nanobodies |
fantastic technology |
vessels that run between the skull and the brain |
lymphatic vessels; ~transports lymph |
confirming scientists' suspicions |
a mouse's torso |
stick to specific proteins |
Immune-cell crosstalk in multiple sclerosis多发性硬化症
nature 41.6 news and views 18 oct. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07063-z 17min
【summery】脑疾病多发性硬化症中T细胞与B细胞相互作用。B细胞在大脑中产生了一个蛋白RASGRP2,T细胞识别了这个蛋白。
【大意】B细胞产生蛋白RASGPR2, HLA将其呈递给T细胞受体(TCR),T细胞被激活,T细胞和B细胞都自我增殖。通过未知途径,它们通过了血脑屏障,对于大脑中表达RASGRP2蛋白的细胞产生攻击,炎症因子产生。比如,T细胞激活的IFN-γ蛋白激起巨噬细胞的作用,攻击了包裹保护神经的髓鞘,如此就可以导致多发性硬化症。所以还是属于自体免疫病。
(One factor linked3,4 to the risk of developing multiple sclerosis is the possession of a particular version of a protein called HLA. HLA proteins enable cells to display antigens — fragments of proteins — on their surfaces. If the receptor for an antigen (the T-cell receptor; TCR) on a T cell recognizes an antigen presented by an HLA protein, the T cell is activated to trigger an immune response against cells that express the antigen. Variations in the antigen-binding capacity of different HLA proteins and in the antigen-recognition capacity of TCRs enable the body to respond to a wide range of antigens associated with disease-causing microorganisms. However, there is a danger that if an HLA protein efficiently binds an antigen that is normally part of the body, and if a T cell that recognizes the HLA–antigen complex is activated, autoimmunity could develop. Such a mechanism might underlie the fact that the version of HLA called HLA-DR15 is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis3, and is estimated4 to contribute 60% of the total genetic risk for developing the condition.)
(Figure 1 | Immune-cell action associated with multiple sclerosis. Jelcic et al.2 report that B cells of the immune system present in the bloodstream make a protein called RASGRP2. These cells use a protein called HLA to present a peptide fragment (an antigen) of RASGRP2 on their cell surface. If this antigen is recognized by the T-cell receptor (TCR) of another immune cell called a T cell, this interaction leads to the proliferation of both the T cells and the B cells, a phenomenon that the authors call autoproliferation. Their evidence indicates that these autoproliferating T cells can, by an unknown route, cross the blood–brain barrier to enter the brain. RASGRP2 is also found in brain tissue. If neurons or other brain cells express RASGRP2, this might trigger T cells that infiltrate the brain to orchestrate an autoimmune attack by producing inflammatory mediators. For example, the production of IFN-γ proteins by activated T cells could stimulate the macrophages of the immune system, which are known6,7 to attack the myelin-sheath structure that protects nerve fibres and supports neuronal function. This in turn could lead to the development of multiple sclerosis.)
are implicated in |
It emerges that |
brain disease multiple sclerosis |
are more prone to |
ClampFISH detects individual nucleic acid molecules using click chemistry–based amplification
NBT 35.7 18 Nov. https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4286 15min
【summery】ClampFISH通过形成类似双螺旋的结构,利用基于化学的放大信号方法,实现高精度与强度检测单个核苷酸。可以用于组织样本中的检测。
fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH):Methods for detecting single nucleic acids in cell and tissues, are limited by relatively low signal intensity and nonspecific probe binding.
click-amplifying FISH (clampFISH), a method for fluorescence detection of nucleic acids that achieves high specificity and high-gain (>400-fold) signal amplification.
are ligated together |
High-throughput determination of the antigen specificities of T cell receptors in single cells
NBT 35.7 18 NOV. https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4282