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探索的动机(1) 精选

已有 7049 次阅读 2013-3-27 13:02 |个人分类:科普|系统分类:观点评述

探索的动机(1)

鲍海飞 2013-3-27

 

看了李泳老师《我的爱因斯坦》,觉得很有趣,里面讲述了爱因斯坦先生对探索动机的三个说法。

【李泳:他在Planck六十大寿的生日会上说(就是有名的《探索的动机》,英译题目也许更恰当:Principles of Research),探索的动机有三个,一个是好玩儿,一个是功利,还有一个是“以最适合自己的方式画出一幅简化而容易理解的世界图像” (Man tries to make for himself in the fashion that suits him best a simplified and intelligible picture of the world; he then tries to some extent to substitute this cosmos of his for the world of experience, and thus to overcome it)——这就是画家、诗人、哲学家和自然科学家们做的。】

 

我查到了原文(还有中文翻译许良英,范岱年编译,又有皮仲和翻译),爱因斯坦的表述相当精彩。李泳老师把它给总结了出来。原文并没有说科学研究是‘好玩儿’。但我理解,这应该是李泳老师的一个‘善解’。

原文的标题是Principles of Research,而principle的一般含义是‘原理,原则、方法、主义、要素,根本方针’等含义,但还有一层含义是‘信念’检索了一下摆渡,给出了‘本能’的含义。从上下文看,的确是含有‘信念、和本能的含义’,由此,他们转译成‘动机’也十分恰当。下面是我的一些翻译和体会,看看爱因斯坦先生对探索的动机的理解和认识。

 

原文的第一段就相当精彩,不愧是出自爱因施坦先生之手笔。看来,爱因斯坦先生早就洞悉了科研的本质和他对科研的领悟,并把从事科研的人分了类。这第一段就开明宗义:

 

“在鳞次栉比的科学圣堂里,确确实实有各种各样的人,怀着不同的动机而涌入。有一部分人从事科学是因为科学能够带来一种超乎寻常智力的快感,科学成为其独自的一种寻求生动体验和雄心满足的特有运动。而另外一些人则为了纯功利的目的而绞尽脑汁涌入其中。如果上帝派一个天使来驱逐所有属于这两类人的话,这个殿堂将人去楼空所剩无几,但有一些人,无论是过去还是现在,将依然驻留在其中。普朗克先生就是其一,而这就是我们热爱他的原因。”

In the temple of science are many mansions, and various indeed are they that dwell therein and the motives that have led them thither. Many take to science out of a joyful sense of superior intellectual power; science is their own special sport to which they look for vivid experience and the satisfaction of ambition; many others are to be found in the temple who have offered the products of their brains on this altar for purely utilitarian purposes. Were an angel of the Lord to come and drive all the people belonging to these two catefories out of the temple, the assemblage would be seriously depleted, but there would still be some men, of both present and past times, left inside. Our Planck is one of them, and that is why we love him.

在此段落中,爱因斯坦所描述的这个殿堂,表面上看有两种人,一类是智力极其优秀,具有超人智慧,视科学研究为‘儿戏’一般,这也就是所谓的‘好玩儿’吧;另一类则是功利之人,绞尽脑汁从事科学研究。而实际上还有第三种人,就是爱因斯坦所要说的--普朗克先生!其中的虚拟语气‘Were an angel of……,则生动有趣,这其实应该是爱因斯坦先生自己的喜好了。那么,受到爱因斯坦爱戴的普朗克先生是一个什么样的人呢?爱因斯坦先生在此居然设下了一个伏笔!

 

“我十分清楚,我们刚刚在想象的快意中驱赶走了许多相当卓越的人,而他们在很大程度上或许就是这座科学圣堂的构建者,而让我们的天使来处理这件事情(赶走)确实是相当棘手且难以决定。但有一件事情我是确信的,如果我们驱赶走的这两类人,而且那里若只有这两类人的话,那么这座科学的圣堂或许就从来不会屹立在那里,这就好比说,虽是森林,但却到处生长着匍匐在地的爬草。这些人在社会的各领域中,如果环境和机遇合适的话,他们会成为工程师,官员,商人,或者科学家。”

I am quite aware that we have just now lightheartedly expelled in imagination many excellent men who are largely, perhaps chiefly, responsible for the building of the temple of science; and in many cases our angel would find it a pretty ticklish 棘手的job to decide. But of one thing I feel sure: if the types we have just expelled were the only types there were, the temple would never have come to be, any more than a forest can grow which consists of nothing but creepers. For these people any sphere of human activity will do, if it comes to a point; whether they become engineers, officers, tradesmen, or scientists depends on circumstances.

这一段的一个比喻很生动,……nothing but creepers’。其实是暗示了:森林中本应该生长的是挺拔的大树,但却相反。而尾句则更强调了环境作用,‘depends on circumstantces’。因此,这一段落里,爱因斯坦先生虽然强调了环境的作用以及人成长的随机性,但更重要的是‘机会主义’,进而回应了第一段中提出的科学中的‘功利性(purely utilitarian purposes)’。

 

“现在,让我们再看一下那些受到天使青睐的人。他们总显得有一些特别,大多不擅交际,还有些生性孤僻的家伙,除了这些共性之外,和那些被驱赶走的人相比,他们之间彼此没有太多的相似性。但究竟是什么把他们带到这个殿堂呢?这的确是一个难以回答的问题,且没有唯一答案能够统而盖之。首先,我同意叔本华所阐释的,把人们带入到艺术和科学圣堂的最大动机是逃离日常生活中令人生厌的粗俗和无望的沉闷,挣脱个人一直漂移不定愿望的束缚。一个有修养的人希望能够逃离个人的生活而融入到客观世界深处;这种愿望就好比城里的人期望逃离那充满噪声、拥挤的环境,进而融入到高山的宁静之中,在那里可以放眼四望,呼吸着清新的空气,享受着宁静祥和,以至于融入到永恒的自然中。”

Now let us have another look at those who have found favor with the angel. Most of them are somewhat odd, uncommunicative, solitary fellows, really less like each other, in spite of these common characteristics, than the hosts of the rejected. What has brought them to the temple? That is a difficult question and no single answer will cover it. To begin with, I believe with Schopenhauer that one of the strongest motives that leads men to art and science is escape from everyday life with its painful crudity(粗糙、粗俗) and hopeless dreariness(沉闷), from the fetters of one's own ever shifting desires. A finely tempered nature longs to escape from personal life into the world of objective perception and thought; this desire may be compared with the townsman's irresistible longing to escape from his noisy, cramped surroundings into the silence of high mountains, where the eye ranges freely through the still, pure air and fondly traces out the restful contours apparently built for eternity.

这一段里,爱因斯坦肯定叔本华的论述,而且也深有同感。‘逃离’(……is escape from ……)无疑是‘身历’过,因为‘日常生活中俗世的残酷’(painful crudity and hopeless dreariness)。

爱因斯坦的思想无疑是相当深刻的,他的表述无疑更是相当精彩的。当人类和社会发展到一定程度、一定阶段,人的认识力,理解力和洞察力都会发生很大的变化。说得更近一点,就连几岁的孩子都会对世界、宇宙和人生发出最简单的而又最深刻的提问或疑问。因此,当人们一旦警醒,面对这些难以回答的问题时,就更加对‘俗世生活的厌倦’,从而产生‘逃离’,归于自然的宁静之中。从某种意义上说,从科学的研究中能够获得快乐。这一段论述中,我们或许看到爱因斯坦对‘道家’科学思想的来源的理解。

 

 

 



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