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早期陆地植物研究名家William Henry Lang (FRS, 1874--1960)
∮1科学问题
植物从水生环境向陆生环境发展是生物进化史上的重大事件。为了探讨这一重大事件的发展过程和演化机制,我们面临一系列非常关键的科学问题,如:
(1)陆地植物起源的时间问题?
(2)陆地植物起源的环境问题?
(3)陆地植物的祖先类群问题?
(4)陆地植物的世代交替问题(alternation of generations)?
∮2早期陆地植物研究名家William Henry Lang (FRS,1874--1960)
已故英国皇家学会会员(院士)William HenryLang (FRS, 1874--1960) 是早期陆地植物研究的杰出科学家之一。William H. Lang的父亲Thomas Bisland Lang(1842--1876)是一名医生。医生可能是养家糊口的传统职业。不过,William H. Lang两岁时,父亲英年早逝,年仅34岁。
William H. Lang在格拉斯哥大学(University of Glasgow)先后获得理学学士学位(B.Sc.)、医学学士学位(M.B.) 和从医资质学位(C.M. )。毕业后,William H. Lang经注册成为一名医生,但从来没有开始行医。因为对格拉斯哥大学植物学教授Frederick Orpen Bower (FRS, 1855--1948)的教学和研究感兴趣,William H. Lang成为他的一名助手。Frederick Orpen Bower主要研究蕨类植物的形态解剖学,特别聚焦于世代交替及其起源的研究。
纵观William H. Lang的成长经历和学术成就,除了Frederick Orpen Bower之外,还有两位杰出的古植物学家Dukinfield Henry Scott (FRS,1854--1943)和Robert Kidston (FRS, 1852--1924)对William H. Lang的影响极大。William H. Lang曾在Dukinfield Henry Scott的实验室接受专业训练。1915年,Robert Kidston的合作者David Thomas Gwynne-Vaughan(1871--1915) 英年早逝。不久,William H. Lang开始与Robert Kidston合作研究化石植物。
∮3 William Henry Lang (FRS, 1874--1960) 的学术贡献
Fig.1. A transverse section of a stem of Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii, Lower Devonian,Rhynie chert
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Rhynia_stem.jpg
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1917--1921年,William H. Lang和Robert Kidston一起开创性地研究了产自苏格兰Aberdeenshire早泥盆纪(距今约4亿年)莱尼燧石层中(Rhynie Chert)硅化的的植物标本。这些研究标本保存有精美的解剖结构。两位合作者发表了系列经典研究论文。在1917年的合著论文里,他们发现了一种非常有科学意义的维管植物--莱尼蕨(Rhynia Gwynne-Vaughani, KIDSTON & Lang)。从种名拉丁文中的种加词“Gwynne-Vaughani”之词源看,该维管植物的种名之命名主要是纪念David Thomas Gwynne-Vaughan的早逝。参见:
KIDSTON, R. & LANG,W.H. 1917. On Old Red Sandstone Plants showing Structure from theRhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part I. Rhynia Gwynne-Vaughani, KIDSTONand Lang. Transactions for the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 51 (24), 761–784.
KIDSTON, R. & LANG,W.H. 1920a. On Old Red Sandstone Plants showing Structure from theRhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part II. Additional notes on RhyniaGwynne-Vaughani, KIDSTON and Lang; with descriptions of Rhynia major,n. sp. and Hornea lignieri n.g. n.sp. Transactions for the Royal Societyof Edinburgh, 52 (24), 603–627.
KIDSTON, R. & LANG,W.H. 1920b. On Old Red Sandstone Plants showing Structure from theRhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part III. Asteroxylon mackiei, KIDSTONand Lang. Transactions for the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 52 (26), 643–680.
KIDSTON, R. & LANG,W.H. 1921a. On Old Red Sandstone Plants showing Structure from theRhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part IV. Restorations of the vascularcryptogams, and discussion of their bearing on the general morphology of the Pteridophytaand the origin of the organisation of land-plants. Transactions for the RoyalSociety of Edinburgh, 52 (32), 831–854.
KIDSTON, R. & LANG, W.H. 1921b. On Old Red SandstonePlants showing Structure from the Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part V. TheThallophyta occurring in the peat-bed; the succession of the plants throughouta vertical section of the bed and the conditions of accumulation andpreservation of the deposit. Transactions for the Royal Society of Edinburgh,52 (33), 855–902,
KIDSTON, R. & LANG, W.H. 1923. On PalaeopitysMilleri, McNab. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 53,409–419.
Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynie,_Aberdeenshire
Rhynie Chert(莱尼燧石层)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynie_chert
Rhynia(莱尼蕨)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynia
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1924年,Robert Kidston去世后,William H. Lang与澳大利亚植物学家和古植物学家Isabel Clifton Cookson (1893--1973)合作研究产自澳大利亚志留纪至早泥盆纪地层的植物材料,取得了重要研究成果。
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1937年,William H. Lang研究了产自英国威尔士志留纪至泥盆纪下部地层的库克逊蕨(Cooksonia )。该属名(genus)的命名主要是赠誉Isabel C. Cookson。参见:
Isabel CliftonCookson (1893--1973)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Clifton_Cookson
Cooksonia (库克逊蕨)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooksonia
Lang, W.H. (1937), "On the plant-remains from the Downtonian of England and Wales", Philosophical Transactions ofthe Royal Society B 227 (544):245–291, Bibcode:1937RSPTB.227..245L, doi:
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