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德国神学家、教师和博物学家Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816)
----歌德反对他、达尔文喜欢他
德国神学家、教师和博物学家Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816) 与诗人及博物学家歌德(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749--1832)几乎是同龄人。
有一种说法,1782年身为教师的Christian Konrad Sprengel 的健康状况出现了问题。他结识了医生兼业余植物学家Ernst Ludwig Heim (1747--1834)。后者激发了Christian Konrad Sprengel 对植物的兴趣。
1787—1793年,Christian Konrad Sprengel独立开展了传粉生物学研究。他对很多植物的花的结构进行了严谨的科学观察,天才般地发现了有些两性花的雌雄蕊异熟现象(dichogamy)。1793年,Christian Konrad Sprengel出版了一部传世之作--《大自然的秘密:花的结构和传粉之发现》。翌年,Christian Konrad Sprengel不仅失去了教职,而且遭到歌德的差评和猛烈反对。Christian Konrad Sprengel的大作被忽视了近半个世纪。
1838年夏,Charles Darwin FRS (达尔文, 1809--1882)开始传粉生物学的观察和研究。达尔文在1859年出版的《物种起源》及后来的植物学著作里引述并高度评价了Christian Konrad Sprengel 的卓越研究。
最后,值得一提的是“Sprengel”家族对德国植物学和古植物学的发展做出了重要贡献。在“德国古植物学之伞”专题,我曾谈到过Anton Sprengel (1803--1851)。在Christian Konrad Sprengel之后,我计划谈谈他的侄子Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel (1766--1833)。
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Brief life chronology of German theologist, teacher and naturalist Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816)
--1750: Born in Brandenburg, Germany [Father--Ernst Victor Sprengel (1686—1759); second wife-- Dorothea Gnadenreich Schaeffer (1711--1778)];
--1770: Began to study theology and philosophy at the University of Halle [NB: Christian Konrad Sprengel’s two half-brothers-- Johann Christian Sprengel (1723--??) and Joachim Friedrich Sprengel (1726--1808) once studied at Halle. The latter is the father of German botanist Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel (1766--1833)];
--1774: Became a teacher of the Great Frederick's orphanage and the military school in Berlin;
--1780: Moved to Spandau ( a borough of Berlin) to serve as rector of the Great Lutheran Town School;
--Initiated strong interest in plants largely because of the inspiration of German physician and amateur mycologist and botanist Ernst Ludwig Heim(1747--1834);
--1787: Began to observe the pollination of Geranium flowers[(牻牛儿苗科(Geraniaceae)老鹳草属] during the summer of 1787;
--1787: Co-worked with German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow (1765--1812) on Florae Berolinensis Prodromus;
---1793: Published Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur im Bau und in der Befruchtung der Blumen (The secret of nature discovered in the structure and pollination of flowers);
--1794: Dismissed, but with a pension; then went to Berlin;
--1816: Died in Berlin at age of 66.
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P.S.
--1833: Scottish botanist and palaeobotanis Robert Brown FRS(1773--1858) published an article about pollination and cited some of Christian Konrad Sprengel’s research;
--1841: At the advice of Robert Brown FRS, Charles Darwin FRS (1809--1882) read Christian Konrad Sprengel’s book;
--1859: Charles Darwin FRS confirmed Christian Konrad Sprengel’s observations about dichogamy in the chapter “Natural Selection” of the Origin of Species (1859);
--1862: Charles Darwin FRS made comments on Christian Konrad Sprengel’s research in the Orchids (1862);
--1876: Charles Darwin FRS made further comments on Christian Konrad Sprengel’s research in the Cross and Self Fertilization (1876).
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Lectures on Neobotany & Palaeobotany-20
German theologist, teacher and naturalist Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816) and pollination biology
德国神学家、教师和博物学家Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816)
2017年6月
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German theologist, teacher and naturalist Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816)
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Konrad_Sprengel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Konrad_Sprengel
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christian-Konrad-Sprengel
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