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中山大学黄军就副教授的人类胚胎基因修饰引争议(附原文)
诸平
刚才看到“Chinese team performs gene editing on human embryo”报道,上网一查已经有许多相关报道,科学网也有“孙学军:中国科学家修改人类胚胎基因引争议”的博文,我不想多说什么,仅仅是想将黄军就等人发表的原文附上,以便大家参考,同时附上“物理学家组织网”(Phys.org.)的相关报道。
1 黄军就等人的研究论文
中山大学生命科学院黄军就等人2015年4月18日发表于《Protein & Cell》杂志网站的论文原文(英文)详见:中山大学生命科学院论文.pdf
2 “物理学家组织网”(Phys.org.)的相关报道
Chinese team performs gene editing on human embryo
18 hours ago by Bob Yirka report
(Phys.org)—A team of researchers in China has announced that they have performed gene editing on human embryos. In their paper uploaded to the open access siteProtein & Cell (after being rejected by Nature and Science) the researchers defended their research by pointing out that the embryos used in their research were non-viable.
It has been only recently that scientists have had a tool that allows for directly editing a genome—called CRISPR, it allows for removing a single (defective) gene from a genome and replacing it with another one, to prevent genetic diseases. CRISPR has been used to edit animal embryos and adult stem cells, but up till now, no one has used the technique to edit the genome of human embryos due to ethical issues—or if they have, they have not acknowledged it publicly—this effort by the team in China has crossed that ethical line and because of that the announcement will likely incite condemnation by some and stir a new round of debate regarding the ethics of conducting such research.
The researchers report that their desire was to see how well CRISPR would work on human embryos. To find out, they collected 86 doubly fertilized embryos from a fertilization clinic—such embryos have been fertilized by two sperm and cannot mature beyond just a tiny clump of cells, they die naturally before growing into anything. The team reports that 71 of the embryos survived to grow enough for use in the CRISPR experiment. Unfortunately, the researchers found that the technique worked properly on just a fraction of the total, and only small percentage of those managed to relay the new gene properly when they split. They also found that sometimes the procedure wound up splicing the wrong gene segment, which led to inserting new genes in the wrong places—which in normal embryos could lead to a new disease. Additionally, of those that did get spliced and put in the right place, many were mosaic, a term used to describe a mix of old and new genes, which in addition to also leading to a new disease, could lead doctors to misidentify gene splicing results in normal embryos.
The researchers conclude by suggesting that the problems they encountered should be investigated further before any type of clinical application is begun.
More information: CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human tripronuclear zygotes, Protein & Cell, April 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0153-5 . http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13238-015-0153-5
3 凤凰网的报道:
中国科学家团队首次成功修改人类胚胎的DNA,这在国内获得不少科学家的支持,但却在西方引起争议。
位于广州的中山大学生物学副教授黄军就和他的同事,利用最新科技“切开”一个基因,该基因主要与地中海贫血症有关。在中国南方,地中海贫血症是儿童中最常见、但有时可能致命的血液异常。
但这一研究在科学界引发了一些批评。
有关首次修改人类胚胎基因的研究的论文最初是投给《自然》与《科学》期刊的,但由于道德问题,论文被期刊拒绝。
论文的作者们在另一本期刊《蛋白质与细胞》中发文表示,他们明白围绕有关研究的道德争议。
他们表示,研究使用的是医院丢弃的有问题的胚胎,也就是接受了数个精子的卵子,而这些胚胎在世界各地的实验室都已经被广泛使用了数十年,因为它们不会成功孕育出婴儿。
英国生物学家Edward Lanphier向《自然》杂志表达了他的批评。他说,我们要暂停这一研究,并确保我们就前进的方向进行广泛的讨论。
目前黄军就未能被联系上就事件置评,但他的研究在国内赢得了不少生物学家的支持。
清华大学生物学教授陈国强表示,有关批评所提出的要求过于武断。
陈国强说,要满足批评者的要求,有关人类胚胎的研究就完全不用做了。
他说:“这一领域研究的突破最终会惠及我们所有人。修改人类DNA是一把钥匙,可以找到许多疾病的治疗方法、帮助人们保持健康、保持年轻、延长寿命。这些在未来都是可能的,也会让很多家庭脱离痛苦和折磨。”
上海复旦大学生物学家赵世民说,黄军就的团队“完全没有道德问题”。
赵世民说,他们只是在用无活性的胚胎进行实验,有关研究距离临床或商业应用还很远很远。
他说:“编辑人类DNA是不可避免的。有关技术已经被应用在植物、动物上,下一步会是人类。”
但赵世民警告称,就像其他技术一样,编辑基因有其限制和风险。
他说:“改变基因序列可能会导致意外问题,这种问题可能会从一代传到下一代,引发其他缺陷或疾病。”
“虽然这类研究应该被允许,它们必须被严格控制在实验室内。大量地、不受控制地编辑DNA会导致人类灭绝。”
黄军就的发现似乎呼应了赵世民的关切。
黄军就的团队用了86个废弃胚胎做实验,并发现,DNA编辑只在其中28个胚胎中成功,也就是成功率大约30%。
除此以外还有其他值得警惕的问题。新的基因编辑技术,名为CRISPR,经常找错目标基因,在之后的处理环节中,就会发现胚胎中有一些变异。
黄军就和他的团队在他们的论文中指出,要小心使用这种技术。
他们的论文指,实验结果说明,从基因编辑到基因疗法技术,中间有明显的障碍,在达成任何临床应用之前,仍有许多问题要研究清楚。
这并非亚洲区内针对人类胚胎的研究首次在西方引发争议。 10年前,韩国的科学家报告克隆人类胚胎时,也曾在国内受到大量好评,直到他们的研究被揭发是造假。
比起西方科学家,亚洲科学家在人类胚胎的研究和实验上享有更大的自由,因为相较而言,亚洲对这类研究有更大的公众接纳度和更少的宗教禁忌。
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