西方如何看待坤輿万国全图？李兆良 2017.1.2

美国有一个由John Siebold个人办的地图网站，从1994年开始，收集了大量的数码化地图，按年份分为六巨册，3454页。分为古代 (6,200 B.C. to 400 AD.); 中古早期 (400 AD. to 1300 AD.); 中古后期 (1300 to 1500); 文艺复兴 (1500 to 1800)四个部分. 每一幅地图有详细介绍，附DVD文档。

这网站有坤輿万国全图的介绍。

http://myoldmaps.com/renaissance-maps-1490-1800/441-matteo-riccis-kunyu.html

http://myoldmaps.com/renaissance-maps-1490-1800/441-ricci.pdf    (20页，2017年1月2日星期一阅)

最后一段是他自己搜索引用我的文章《颠覆世界历史的地图》的一段（Mapsthat Turn World History Upside Down）。基本上是我在俄亥俄州立大学讲座的内容。下面是他的原文：

Dr. Siu-Leung Lee in his article “Maps that Turn World History Upside Down” theorizes that the world map Kun Yu Wan Guo Quan Tu, a map completely labeled in Chinese and previously thought to be the works of the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci in 1602, is incompatible with the authorship of Matteo Ricci or European cartographers. The map portraying an outdated Europe without the Papal States, Tuscany and Florence is Matteo Ricci World Map #441 is inconsistent with Ricci’s  status as an Italian Jesuit living in the Renaissance era. On the other hand, the geography of America on this map is not discovered by Europeans until 200 years after Ricci’s death. For these reasons,the world map is nicknamed  “Impossible Black Tulip”. According to a statement and the historical background of place names on the map, it is constructed between 1428 and 1430, more than 60 years before Christopher Columbus’ first voyage. Martino Martini’s Novus Atlas Sinensis also supports the capability of Chinese cartography in Ming  dynasty. The loss of original Chinese documents, translational errors, and Ming politics have kept this secret for the past 600 years, until the details of this map are publicly available. The entire history of cartography and Age of Exploration should be revised to include the pioneering voyages (1405-1433) and cartographical development led by Zheng He, the Chinese Admiral.

我的原文登载在Academia.edu：

https://www.academia.edu/22090699/Maps_that_turn_world_history_upside_down

他把我的名字拼错了，我去信更正，随便提供几篇文章。以下是他的回信。

12/20/2016

Dr. Lee,

Sorry for the mistake, it is now corrected.

I have found all of your articles about cartography very fascinating and thought provoking. I look forward to more.

I applaud your career,

Jim Siebold

（私人部分从略）

这是西方专业地图学者的看法和做法。

李兆良