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根据科学家做出发明与发现的地点来推定哪里是诺贝尔奖的摇篮
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根据科学家做出发明与发现的地点来推定哪里是诺贝尔奖的摇篮
武夷山
很多人都想知道哪些机构是诺贝尔奖的摇篮，即培养了众多诺贝尔奖得主的地方。遗憾的是，许多人统计的是宣布诺贝尔奖时那些获奖者的所在机构。而如果尊重历史，我们应该关注的是诺奖得主做出其重大发现或发明时的工作机构。
在2020年7月在线出版的英国皇家学会主办的科学史刊物Notes and Records（注记与记录）上，Kevin Orrman-Rossiter（博主：他目前在澳大利亚墨尔本大学从事产学研促进业务，但他一直对科学在社会中的作用抱有浓厚的学术兴趣）发表了题为《“发明与发现”的地点和诺贝尔物理学奖》的文章（https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsnr.2020.0014），对1901-2019年间所有诺贝尔物理学奖得主做出获奖成果时的机构进行了统计分析。
本博主将Kevin Orrman-Rossiter根据物理学诺奖得主做出其重大发现或发明时的工作机构统计出的清单称为A清单，按照宣布诺贝尔奖时诺奖得主所在机构统计出的清单称为B清单，二者有不小的差异。
比如，A清单的第一名是英国剑桥大学，8.83名（如果两机构的两个人共同获奖，每个机构算是有0.5人获奖，以此类推）物理学诺奖得主在这里的实验室、图书馆或办公室工作期间做出了重大成果。加利福尼亚大学系统处于B清单的第一位，而在A清单上屈居第6位。B清单上有39家机构与物理学诺奖得主做出发现和发明的地点毫无关联。。
A清单的第2名是美国贝尔实验室（5.25人），可见认为企业在基础研究中的地位不重要的看法是不符合历史事实的。另外还可以注意到，A清单的前20名中有国家支持的科研机构的身影，如苏联科学院物理问题研究所和欧洲核子研究组织。
下面是文章中的表1。
Copyright © 2021 The Royal Society
Table 1. Institutions where Physics Nobel Laureates worked when they made their respective discoveries or inventions. | |||||
Ranking | Institute | Aggregate | Award year(s) | Affiliation aggregate | Affiliation ranking |
1 | University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK | 8.83 | 1983, 1977, 1974, 1973, 1951, 1948, 1935, 1933, 1928, 1927, 1915, 1906 | 3.83 | 5 |
2 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, (Holmdel, NJ; Murray Hill, NJ; New York, NY, including AT&T Labs) USA | 5.25 | 2018, 2009, 1998, 1997, 1981, 1978, 1977, 1972, 1956, 1937 | 2.67 | 12 |
3 | Columbia University, New York, NY, USA | 4.33 | 1988, 1975, 1964, 1957, 1955, 1944 | 2.67 | 12 |
4 | Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA | 3.42 | 2005, 2004, 1989, 1981, 1965, 1952, 1946 | 4.08 | 4 |
5 | Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA | 3.33 | 1996, 1982, 1967, 1965 | 2.67 | 12 |
6 | University of California (Berkeley, Irvine, La Jolla, Santa Barbara), CA, USA | 3.25 | 2011, 1968, 1959, 1939 | 6.17 | 1 |
7 | L'Université de Paris (Sorbonne), Paris, France | 3.00 | 1929, 1926, 1908 | 3.00 | 8 |
7 | Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands | 3.00 | 1913, 1910, 1902 | 1.50 | 18 |
7 | University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark | 3.00 | 1979, 1975, 1932, 1922 | 1.33 | 25 |
10 | University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA | 2.75 | 2008, 1969, 1963, 1923 | 3.00 | 8 |
11 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA | 2.33 | 2017, 2001, 1990, 1979, 1976 | 3.33 | 7 |
12 | Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA | 2.17 | 2019, 2004, 1980 | 3.83 | 5 |
13 | Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (now Humboldt-Universität), Berlin, Germany | 2.00 | 1925, 1918 | 1.50 | 18 |
13 | CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), Geneva, Switzerland | 2.00 | 1992, 1984 | 1.33 | 25 |
13 | Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany | 2.00 | 1985, 1901 | 1.00 | 27 |
13 | Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany | 2.00 | 1945, 1943 | ||
17 | P. L. Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems (Russian Academy of Sciences), Moscow, Russia | 1.83 | 2003, 1978, 1962 | 1.50 | 18 |
17 | P. N. Lebedev Institute of Physics (Russian Academy of Sciences), Moscow, Russia | 1.83 | 2003, 1964, 1958 | 1.41 | 24 |
19 | California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA, USA | 1.50 | 2017, 1983, 1936 | 4.17 | 3 |
19 | IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland | 1.50 | 1987, 1986 | 1.50 | 18 |
19 | école Normale Supérieure, Paris, France | 1.50 | 2012, 1966 | 1.00 | 27 |
19 | Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, Berlin, Germany | 1.50 | 1954, 1911 | ||
23 | Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA | 1.33 | 1990, 1961, 1952 | 5.08 | 2 |
23 | Collège de France, Paris, France | 1.33 | 1997, 1991 | 1.83 | 17 |
23 | University of London (incl. Imperial College, King's College and University College), London, UK | 1.33 | 1979, 1947 | 3.00 | 8 |
26 | Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany | 1.25 | 1989, 1905 | 0.25 | 87 |
27 | National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, and Gaithersburg, MD, USA | 1.08 | 2012, 2005, 1997 | 0.83 | 47 |
28 | University of Manchester, Manchester, UK | 1.00 | 2010 | 2.50 | 15 |
28 | Bristol University, Bristol, UK | 1.00 | 1950 | 1.00 | 27 |
28 | Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), Sèvres, France | 1.00 | 1920 | 1.00 | 27 |
28 | Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands | 1.00 | 1953 | 1.00 | 27 |
28 | Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany | 1.00 | 1914 | 1.00 | 27 |
28 | Rome University, Rome, Italy | 1.00 | 1938 | 1.00 | 27 |
28 | Royal Institution of Great Britain, London, UK | 1.00 | 1904 | 1.00 | 27 |
28 | Swedish Gas-Accumulator Co., Lidingö-Stockholm, Sweden | 1.00 | 1912 | 1.00 | 27 |
28 | University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK | 1.00 | 1917 | 1.00 | 27 |
28 | Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany | 1.00 | 1963, 1954 | 0.50 | 51 |
28 | Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands | 1.00 | 1999 | 0.50 | 51 |
28 | University of Michigan, Ann Arbour, MI, USA | 1.00 | 1960 | 0.25 | 87 |
28 | British Thomson-Houston Co., Rugby, UK | 1.00 | 1971 | ||
28 | Case School of Applied Science (now Case Western Reserve University), Cleveland, OH, USA | 1.00 | 1907 | ||
28 | Federal Office for Intellectual Property, Bern, Switzerland | 1.00 | 1921 | ||
28 | Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta (now Kolkata), India | 1.00 | 1930 | ||
28 | Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley & University of California, Berkeley | 1.00 | 2011, 2006 | 0.50 | 51 |
28 | Osaka Imperial University, Osaka, Japan | 1.00 | 1949 | ||
28 | SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center), Stanford, CA, USA | 1.00 | 1995, 1976 | ||
28 | Technische Hochschule (now RWTH Aachen University), Aachen, Germany | 1.00 | 1913 | ||
28 | University of Lund, Lund, Sweden | 1.00 | 1924 | ||
28 | University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA | 1.00 | 1993 | ||
50 | University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK | 0.75 | 2016, | ||
50 | University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan | 0.75 | 2015, 2002 | 0.25 | 87 |
52 | JILA (formerly Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics), Boulder, CO USA | 0.67 | 2001 | ||
52 | Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan | 0.67 | 2014 | 0.33 | 77 |
52 | University of Colorado, CO, USA | 0.67 | 0.92 | 46 | |
55 | University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK | 0.50 | 2013 | 2.00 | 16 |
55 | Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden | 0.50 | 1981 | 1.50 | 18 |
55 | école municipale de physique et de chimie industrielles (Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry), Paris, France | 0.50 | 1903 | 0.50 | 51 |
55 | Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany | 0.50 | 2007 | 0.50 | 51 |
55 | University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland | 0.50 | 2019 | 0.50 | 51 |
55 | Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, USA | 0.50 | 1957 | 0.50 | 51 |
55 | NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA | 0.50 | 2006 | 0.50 | 51 |
55 | Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden | 0.50 | 1970 | 0.50 | 51 |
55 | Standard Telecommunication Laboratories, Harlow, UK | 0.50 | 2009 | 0.50 | 51 |
55 | Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, Alsace (then Germany, now France) | 0.50 | 1909 | 0.50 | 51 |
55 | Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA | 0.50 | 2000 | 0.50 | 51 |
55 | The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company (Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Co.), London, UK | 0.50 | 1909 | 0.50 | 51 |
55 | Université de Grenoble, Grenoble, France | 0.50 | 1970 | 0.50 | 51 |
55 | Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium | 0.50 | 2013 | 0.50 | 51 |
55 | Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France | 0.50 | 2007 | 0.50 | 51 |
55 | American Science & Engineering (AS&E), Billerica, MA, USA | 0.50 | 2002 | ||
55 | Chalk River Nuclear Laboratory, Deep River, ON, Canada | 0.50 | 1994 | ||
55 | Institute for Radium Research, Vienna, Austria | 0.50 | 1936 | ||
55 | Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, USA | 0.50 | 1995 | ||
55 | Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, France | 0.50 | 1903 | ||
55 | Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA | 0.50 | 1994 | ||
55 | Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada | 0.50 | 2015 | ||
55 | Technische Hochschule (now Universität) Munich, Germany | 0.50 | 1961 | ||
55 | Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany | 0.50 | 1986 | ||
55 | Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland | 0.50 | 1933 | ||
55 | University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK | 0.50 | 1937 | ||
55 | University of Leeds, Leeds, UK | 0.50 | 1915 | ||
55 | Washington University, St Louis, MI, USA | 0.50 | 1927 | ||
55 | University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA | 0.50 | 2018 | ||
84 | University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA | 0.33 | 1972 | 1.00 | 27 |
84 | Tokyo University of Education, Tokyo, Japan | 0.33 | 1965 | 0.33 | 77 |
84 | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA | 0.33 | 1998 | ||
84 | Nichia Corporation, Tokushima, Japan | 0.33 | 2014 | ||
84 | University of Sussex, Brighton and Hove, Brighton, UK | 0.33 | 2003 | ||
84 | University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA | 0.33 | 1977 | ||
90 | Max-Planck-Institut (previously also Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut), Germany | 0.25 | 2005 | 2.75 | 11 |
90 | Australian National University, Weston Creek, Australia | 0.25 | 2011 | 0.25 | 87 |
90 | General Electric Company, Schenectady, NY, USA | 0.25 | 1973 | 0.25 | 87 |
90 | University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA | 0.25 | 2016 | ||
90 | University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA | 0.25 | 1989 | 0.25 | 87 |
90 | A. F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute (Russian Academy of Sciences), St Petersburg, Russia | 0.25 | 2000 | 0.25 | 87 |
90 | Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA | 0.25 | 2002 | ||
90 | Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan | 0.25 | 2008 | ||
90 | High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan | 0.25 | 2008 | 0.25 | 87 |
90 | Technische Hochschule (now Universität) Hannover, Germany | 0.25 | 1963 | ||
90 | Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (now Sony Corp.), Tokyo, Japan | 0.25 | 1973 | ||
90 | Varian Associates (now part of Agilent Technologies), Palo Alto, CA, USA | 0.25 | 2000 | ||
Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands | 1.50 | 18 | |||
Calcutta University, Kolkata, India | 1.00 | 27 | |||
Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA | 1.00 | 27 | |||
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, London, UK | 1.00 | 27 | |||
école Supérieure de Physique et Chimie, Paris, France | 1.00 | 27 | |||
Frankfurtam Main University, Frankfurtam Main, Germany | 1.00 | 27 | |||
Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany | 1.00 | 27 | |||
Kiel University, Kiel, Germany | 1.00 | 27 | |||
Kyoto Imperial University, Kyoto, Japan | 1.00 | 27 | |||
Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany | 1.00 | 27 | |||
Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany | 0.75 | 48 | |||
University of Moscow, Moscow, Russia | 0.67 | 49 | |||
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA | 0.58 | 50 | |||
Associated Universities, Washington, DC, USA | 0.50 | 51 | |||
Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, UK | 0.50 | 51 | |||
école Polytechnique, Paris, France | 0.50 | 51 | |||
Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA | 0.50 | 51 | |||
Halle University, Halle, Germany | 0.50 | 51 | |||
Innsbruck University, Innsbruck, Austria | 0.50 | 51 | |||
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada | 0.50 | 51 | |||
Technische Universität München, Germany | 0.50 | 51 | |||
Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland | 0.50 | 51 | |||
Unaligned | 0.50 | 51 | |||
Digital Pathways, Mountain View, CA, USA | 0.33 | 77 | |||
Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA | 0.33 | 77 | |||
Beckman Instruments, Mountain View, CA, USA | 0.33 | 77 | |||
Brown University, Providence, RI, USA | 0.33 | 77 | |||
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA | 0.33 | 77 | |||
International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy | 0.33 | 77 | |||
Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan | 0.33 | 77 | |||
Nordita, Copenhagen, Denmark | 0.33 | 77 | |||
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA | 0.25 | 87 | |||
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA | 0.25 | 87 | |||
Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan | 0.25 | 87 | |||
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada | 0.25 | 87 | |||
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